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Introductory Clinical Sciences > A Brief Introduction To Immunology And Adaptive Immunity - 13/11 > Flashcards

A Brief Introduction To Immunology And Adaptive Immunity - 13/11 Flashcards

1
Q

Define innate immunity

A

Instinctive, non specific, does not depend on lymphocytes, present from birth

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2
Q

Define adaptive immunity

A

Specific ‘acquired/learned’ immunity, requires lymphocytes, antibodies

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3
Q

What are both innate and adaptive immunity made up of?

A

Cells and soluble factors (humoural)

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4
Q

What layers are present in centrifuged blood?

A

Upper layer - plasma ( water 90%, electrolytes, proteins, lipids, sugars etc)

Middle layer - white fluffy layer, buddy cost - leukocytes

Lower layer 45% - erythrocytes, platelets (haematocrit)

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5
Q

Define haematopoesis

A

“The commitment and differentiation processes that leads to the formation of all blood cells from pluripotent haematopoietic stem cells.”

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6
Q

Name 3 polymorphonuclear leukocytes

A

Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil

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7
Q

Name 3 mononuclear leukocytes

A

Monocytes, t-cells, b-cells

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8
Q

When monocytes exit blood stream and enter tissues what does it change into?

A

Macrophage

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9
Q

When T cells differentiate what 3 cells can they change into?

A

T-regs
T-helper (CD4) (Th1 &Th2)
Cytotoxic (CD8)

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10
Q

Name 5 cells of the immune system

A

Mast cell
Natural killer cells
Dendritic cells - skin
Kupffer cells - liver
Langerhans - skin

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11
Q

What are 3 main groups of soluble factors?

A

Complement
Antibodies
Cytokines, chemokines

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12
Q

Define complement soluble factors?

A

Group of ~20 serum proteins secreted by the liver that need to be activated to be functional.

Complement is activated only as part of the immune response.

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13
Q

What are the 3 main modes of action of complement soluble factors?

A

Direct lysis

Attract more Leukocytes to site of infection

Coat invading organisms

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14
Q

Define antibodies soluble factors?

A

Bind specifically to antigens (Ag)

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15
Q

What are Igs? And features

A

Immunoglobulin,

soluble
- secreted
- bound to B cells as part of B-cell antigen receptor

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16
Q

What are the 5classes of Igs

A

IgG (1-4)
IgA (IgA1 & 2)
IgM
IgD
IgE

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17
Q

What are Igs made of?

A

Glycoproteins

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18
Q

Structure of IgG

A

Y shape - fab ends and Fc ends (15th slide)

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19
Q

Where is IgM mainly found? Why?

A

Blood - too large to cross endothelium

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20
Q

Which have initial contact and primary immune response?

A

IgM and Ag

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21
Q

What is mIgM

A

Monomeric form of IgM present as antigen-specific receptor on b-cells

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22
Q

IgA

A

Slide 18

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23
Q

IgD

A

Slide 19

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24
Q

IgE

A

Slide 20

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25
Q

Antibodies

A

Slide 21

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26
Q

Define cytokines

A

Proteins secret3d by immune and non-immune cells

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27
Q

What is interferons (IFN)

A

induce a state of antiviral resistance in uninfected cells & limit he spread of viral infection
IFNa & b - produced by virus infected cells
IFNg - released by activated Th1 cells

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28
Q

What is interleukins (IL)

A

produced by many cells, over 30 types
Can be pro-inflammatory (IL1) or anti-inflammatory (IL-10)
Can cause cells to divide, to differentiate and to secrete factors

29
Q

What are colony stimulating factors (CSF)

A

Involved in directing the division and differentiation on bone marrow stem cells – precursors of leukocytes

30
Q

What is tumour necrosis factors (TNFalpha and beta)

A

Mediates inflammation and cytotoxic reactions

31
Q

Define chemokines

A

Group of approx 40 proteins that direct movement of leukocytes (and other cells) from the bloodstream into the tissues or lymph organs by binding to specific receptors on cells

32
Q

What are 4 different types of chemokines?

A

CXCL
CCL
CX3CL
XCL

33
Q

What are CXCL

A

Mainly neutrophils

34
Q

What are CCL.

A

Monocytes, lymphocytes, eosinophils, basophils

35
Q

What are CX3CL

A

Mainly t lymphocytes and NK cells

36
Q

What are XCL

A

Mainly t lymphocytes

37
Q

What are 2 defence mechanisms?

A

Innate and adaptive

38
Q

Features of innate immunity

A

1st line of defence
Provides barrier to antigen
Instinctive
Present from birth
Slow response
No memory

39
Q

Features of adaptive immunity

A

Response specific to antigen
Learnt behaviour
Memory to specific antigen
Quicker response

40
Q

What is the innate immunity composed of?

A

Physical and chemical barriers

Phagocytic cells (neutrophils and macrophages)

Blood proteins (complement, acute phase)

41
Q

Name some physical barriers in innate immunity?

A

Mucus and cilia in bronchi, physical barrier of skin, lysozyme in tears, flushing of urinary tract

42
Q

What happens when physical barriers are breached? Eg. Cut

A

Inflammatory response

43
Q

General stages of inflammatory response

A

Stop bleeding (coagulation)
Acute inflammation (leukocyte recruitment)
Kill pathogens, neutralise toxins, limit pathogen spread
Clear pathogens/dead cells (phagocytosis)
Proliferation of cells to repair damage
Remove blood clot – remodel extracellular matrix
Re-establish normal structure/function of tissue

44
Q

Define inflammation

A

‘A series of reactions that brings cells and molecules of the immune system to sites of infection or damage’.

45
Q

What are 2 types of inflammation?

A

Acute and chronic

46
Q

What are hallmarks of inflammation?

A

Increased blood supply
Increased vascular permeability
Increased leukocyte transendothelial migration ‘extravasation’

47
Q

Define acute inflammation

A

Complete elimination of a pathogen followed by resolution of damage, disappearance of leukocytes and full regeneration of tissue

48
Q

Loosely define chronic inflammation

A

Persistent, un-resolved inflammation

49
Q

What are the 2 sensing microbes found on blood?

A

Monocytes and neutrophils

50
Q

What are the 2 sensing microbes found in tissues?

A

Macrophages and dendritic cells

51
Q

What receptors are found on cells?

A

PRR (pattern recognition receptors)

52
Q

What receptors are found on microbes?

A

PAMP (pathogen associated molecular patterns)

53
Q

What are the haemotractants o that bind to receptors on leukocytes in complement process

A

C3a and C5a

54
Q

What are the receptors that insert onto bacterial membrane in complement process

55
Q

What lyses microbes directly in complement process

56
Q

What happens after extravasion of neutrophils towards sight of infection?

A

Phagocytosis

57
Q

What are the 5 stages of phagocytosis?

A
  1. Binding to antigen on surface
  2. Engulfment
  3. Phagosome formation
  4. Phagolysosome
  5. Membrane disruption/fusion

See slide 42

58
Q

What are 2 mechanisms of microbial killing present in neutrophils and macrophages?

A

O2-dependant (Reacticve oxygen intermediates (roi) —> superoxides and nitric oxides

O2-independent (enzymes e.g. lysozyme, proteins e.g. defensive, TNF and pH)

59
Q

Where are primary and secondary lymphoid of t and b cells

A

See slide 50

60
Q

Which immunity type (cell mediated or humoural) requires intimate cell to cell contact?

A

Cell mediated

61
Q

Which cells do not respond to soluble antigens.

A

T lymphocytes, they only respond to intracellular presented antigens

62
Q

T cells that recognise self cells are killed where?

A

In foetal thymus

63
Q

What do major histocompatibility complex (MHC) display?

A

Self or non self proteins

64
Q

What are the two types of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)?

A

MHC 1

MHC2

65
Q

What is MHC 1 DO?

A

coded by HLA (A, B & C genes) - glycoproteins on ALL nucleated cells (graft rejection).

66
Q

What does MHC 2 DO?

A

coded by HLA (DP, DQ& DR) - glycoproteins ONLY on APC.

67
Q

Slide 58

68
Q

Slide 61&62&63&65

69
Q

B cells that recognise self are killed where?

A

Bone marrow

Introductory Clinical Sciences (44 decks)

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