9.6

Question 1

Smart Connections to Solid Foundations

Answer 1

Specific
Measurable
Achievable
Relevant
Timely
Design

Question 2

Ill-defined Problem

Answer 2

Don’t have clear goals or well-defined solutions

Question 3

Well-defined problems

Answer 3

Clearly specified goals and clearly defined solution paths

Question 4

Means-end Analysis

Answer 4

Process of searching for the means or steps to reduce the differences between the current situation and the desired goal

Question 5

Steps of Means End Analysis

Answer 5

Analyze goal state

Analyze current state

List the difference between the states

Reduce the list of differences by: Direct means, generating a subgoal, finding a similar problem with a known solution

Question 6

Analogical Problem Solving

Answer 6

Solving a problem by finding a similar problem with a known solution; and then applying that solution to the current problem

Interdisciplinary

Question 7

Insights

Answer 7

Involve the spontaneous restructuring of a problem of unconscious incremental processes

Experiments with coherent/incoherent series of words

Studies of brain activity show differences between problems solved by sudden insight and those solved with deliberate strategies

Question 8

Framing Effects

Answer 8

Can limit insightful problem solving

Question 9

Functional Fixedness

Answer 9

Tendency to perceive the functions of objects as fixed

Question 10

Genius and Insight

Answer 10

Shown by Young Friedrich Gauss, he imagined the scheme presented with a laborious addition problem, quickly reducing the addition problem to an easy multiplication task

Question 11

Sudden Insight and the Brain

Answer 11

The difference in subjective experience between a flash of insight versus analytic strategies is confirmed by neurologic evidence

There is greater activity in the Anterior Cingulate in the frontal lobes of participants who used insight strategies PRIOR to the problem being solved.

Examples in text (3-word series, EEG data)