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COT - Exam 2 > 9.4 - Lab + Lecture Notes > Flashcards

9.4 - Lab + Lecture Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Elastic Arteries

A
  • designed to buffer pressure difference between systole and diastole
  • some of the largest one include:
    Brachiocephalic
    Common carotid
    Subclavian
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2
Q

Elastic Lamina

A

= layers of fenestrated sheets of elastic fibers + smooth muscle cells

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3
Q

Lamellar unit

A
  • one layer of smooth muscle and its adjacent elastic unit
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4
Q

Tunica Intima

A

= apical to 1st elastic lamellae

= endothelium + thin layer of CT

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5
Q

Tunica Adventitia

A

= external layer up to first visible elastic lamina

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6
Q

Muscular Arteries

A

= most of large arteries that supply major organs

  • lamellar units of tunica media are replaced with continuous layers of smooth muscle
  • in large arteries the innermost elastic lamina (IEM) and outer most elastic lamina (EEM) is retained

FXN:
- control distribution of blood as it branches

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7
Q

Vasa Vasorum

A
  • carry blood to/from walls of large vessels
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8
Q

Nervi Vascularis

A
  • nerve fibers that innervate smooth muscle of the vessels
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9
Q

Arterioles

A
  • tunica intima = mostly endothelial cells
    = smallest branches of arterial system
  • have smooth muscle in walls (1-2 layers) in the tunica media
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10
Q

Morphology of Capillaries

A
  • have a lumen the size of a single RBC
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11
Q

Venules

A
  • only thing small that is also larger than RBC

- smallest venules have no tunica media

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12
Q

Continuous Capillaries

A
  • in brain or skeletal muscle
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13
Q

Fenestrated capillaries

A
  • found in intestines or endocrine organs
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14
Q

Sinusoidal Capillaries

A
  • larger in diameter
  • inference by position within organ
  • morphologically indistinguishable from venues in standard preparations
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15
Q

Lymphatic vessels

A
  • consists only of endothelium and small amount of subjacent CT
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16
Q

Valves will be located in, and function to

A
  • will be seen in lymph and larger veins

- function to prevent back flow of blood in low pressure vessels

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17
Q

Function and examples of some of the largest veins

A 
Function:
- buffering changes in blood volume
- reduce lumenal volume by constricting along length (using longitudinally arranged smooth muscle in tunica adventitia)
Examples:
Vena Cava
Portal vein
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18
Q

Explain how pulmonary circulation differs from systemic circulation

A
  • pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood
  • pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood
  • arteries and veins don’t run together
  • is a low pressure system - results in slightly different wall structure
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19
Q

Describe modifications that occur to the systemic circulation’s typically flow

A
  • the Portal system
  • is where one capillary bed is linked to another capillary bed through and artery or vein
  • occurs in renal, digestive, and pituitary gland
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20
Q

Describe the basic 3 layers of the cardiovascular system from outside to inside

A

1) Epicardium = outer layer - has subepicardium, an extra layer of CT
2) Myocardium = middle layer
3) endocardium = inner layer - has subendocardium, an extra layer of CT

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21
Q

Describe the 3 layers of vessel walls from outside to inside

A

1) Tunica adventitia - outer - CT
2) Tunica Media = middle - smooth muscle
- is the most modified layer based on FXN
3) Tunica Intima = inner layer - endothelium + subjacent CT

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22
Q

What is the earliest stage that cardiac cells are predetermined in the developing embryo. And what is the location and name of the area they are found in?

A
  • in the 3 layered disc stage
  • cardiac cells are predetermined and are localized adjacent to primitive streak
  • they migrate to above the oropharengeal membrane - to area called cardiogenic area and form the cardiac crest
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23
Q

Describe the early embryonic formation of the heart

A
  • heart begins to form bilateral cardiac progenitor cells located in splanchnic lateral plate mesoderm
  • 2 endothelial heart tubes form with blood islands
  • cells from into bilateral heart tubes that fuse during folding and become positioned below oropharengeal membrane with head folding
  • after fusion the straight heart tube hangs in pericardial cavity and becomes divided into 3 layers (endocaridum, myocardium, epicardium)
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24
Q

How is the straight cardiac tube initially anchored

A

@ the cranial end (arterial end) - it is attached t pharyngeal arches
@ caudal end (atrial/venous end) - it is embedded in the transverse septum

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25
Q

What are the key points of the development of the cardiac system

A
  • primordial heart is formed entirely of splanchnic LPM
  • lateral folding fuses initially bilateral structures to a single midline line tube with central lumen through which blood flows
  • head fold positions heart and pericardial cavity below the oropharengeal membrane + ventral to the gut tube
  • heart will form 5 dilations and bend to the right (4/5 will undergo septation)
  • cardiac anomalies result from defects in septation
26
Q

A what day does the continual elongation of the heart form a series of 5 dilations and what are they? (list caudally to cranially)

A
  • around day 22 these structures are formed through a series of dilations (also listed in order of blood flow direction)
    1) Sinus Venosus
    2) Primitive Antrium
    3) Primitive Ventricle
    4) Bulbus cordis (conus cordis)
    5) Truncous Arteriosus
27
Q

Describe the Sinus Venosus

A
  • consists of Left and right sinus horns that initially receives 3 paired veins
  • location of where the umbilical vein drains as well
28
Q

Describe the adult structure formed from primitive atrium

A
  • forms the trabecualted RA and all of the LA

- the primitive ventricle and atria are separated by a single atrioventricular canal

29
Q

Describe the adult structure formed from the primitive ventricle

A
  • forms the LV

- the primitive ventricle and atria are separated by a single atrioventricular canal

30
Q

Describe the adult structures formed from the Bulbus cordis (conus cordis)

A
  • Proximal = RV

- Distal (conus cordis) = smooth part of walls of RV and LV

31
Q

Describe the adult structures formed from the Truncous Arteriosus

A
  • proixmal ascending aorta

- pulmonary trunk

32
Q

Describe the process of cardiac looping

A
  • the primordial heart is anchored at the cranial end by aortic sac and at the caudal end by transverse septum (future diaphragm)
  • differential growth of the bulbus cordis and primitive ventricle along with the anchoring causes the heart to bend on itself
  • proximal bulbus cordis is displaced caudally, ventrally and to the right
  • primitive ventricle is displaced to left
  • primitive atrium is displaced dorsally and cranially
33
Q

Give a brief summary of what occurs during the cardiac looping

A

Cephalic portion moves: ventral + caudal + right

Caudal Potion moves: dorsal + cranial + left

34
Q

At the end of cardiac looping what occurs?

A
  • next, the primordial atrium forms two large dilations (corresponding to primitive RA and LA?) and the distal region of the bulbs cordis (conus cordis + truncous arterioles) - shifts to the midline
  • this sets the stage for septation of the heart which will forms the definitive chambers + arterial trunks
35
Q

What are the locations of the 4 septa (walls) that will form and why do they form

A
  • they form to partition the heart to give rise to the definitive structure –> the partitioning is important for unidirectional flow and separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
  • the 4 walls that will form are in the:
    1) Atrioventricular canal
    2) Primitive Atrium
    3) Outflow Tract
    4) Primitive Ventricle
36
Q

Describe the organization of tissues surrounding the heart (6 term - from interior to exterior)

A

1) heart
2) visceral layer of serous pericardium = epicardium
3) pericardial space = pericardial cavity - a potential space containing a thin layer of serous fluid
4) Parietal layer of serous pericardium - lines the fibrous pericardium to form pericardium - sometimes called pericardial sac
5) Fibrous Pericardium = dense CT lying on mesothelium
6) Pleural cavity + lung

37
Q

What is cardiac tamponade

A

= excess fluid in pericardial cavity

  • life-threatening disease
  • caused by blunt trauma, pericarditis, myocardial rupture
38
Q

Describe the wall of the heart (exterior to interior)

A

1) Epicardium = visceral layer of serous pericardium - single layer of mesothelial cells
+ subepicardial layer = loose CT with veins, artieries, nerves
2) Myocardium - cardiac myocytes
3) Endocardium = lines lumen of heart - inner layer of endothelium
+ Subendocardial layer = continuous with myocardium (connects CT of endocardium to myocardium)
- contains the conducting position of the heart (location of majority of Purkinje Fibers)

39
Q

Describe the overall structure of vessel walls (interior to exterior)

A
  • graded change in individual structure (not abrupt changes) as change from elastic –> muscular arteries –> arterioles
  • vasa vasorum + vasomotor nerves provide nourishment to the layers
    1) Tunica Intimia = endothelium (cells are longitudinal - parallel to direction of blood flow) + CT
    2) Tunica media = concentric smooth muscle cells (primarily) with variable amounts of elastic fibers
    3) Tunica Adventitia = CT of type I collage + elastic fibers
40
Q

Describe characteristics of elastic arteries with attention to the tunica media and tunica adventitia

A

= closest to heart, conducting arteries that allow for dissension during systole - limited by collagen fibers in the TM and TA
- recoil during dystole allows strong blood flow to continue
Tunica Media contains:
- elastin in fenestrated sheets (lamellae), smooth muscle cells, reticular fibers, GS, elastic fibers
Tunica Adventitia contains:
- collagen fibers, elastic fibers (not sheets), fibroblasts, vasa vasorum, nervi vascularis

41
Q

Describe characteristics of muscular arteries with attention to the tunica media

A

= distributing arteries, control blood flow to tissues by contracting/relaxing the smooth muscle
- have Prominent IEM
- have some elastic fibers, reticular fibers, GS present
- EEM is present only in larger vessels
Tunica media contains:
- up to 40 layers of smooth muscle cells
- has more smooth muscle cells than elastic fibers as it moves further from heart

42
Q

Describe characteristics of arterioles with attention to tunica media and tunica adventitia

A

= regulated vessels + resistance vessels
- smaller than muscular artery
- prominent IEM (usually stains as a pale area)
- arterioles change diameter based on local conditions to regulate flow into capillary beds
- poorly defined tunica adventitia
Tunica Media contains:
- 1-3 smooth muscle layers

43
Q

Describe characteristics of Capillaries

A

= the location of the primary function of the cardiovascular system

  • very thin walls allow for diffusion
  • diameter is usually only large enough to allow 1 RBC to pass at a time (<10microns)
  • only consists of endothelial cells + their own BM
  • Identify them by looking at the wall first and then size
  • 3 types of capillaries
    1) Continuous
    2) Fenestrated
    3) Discontinuous (sinusoidal capillaries, sinusoids)
44
Q

Describe characteristics of continuous capillaries including FXN and Locations

A
  • Endothelium forms a complete tube to control what crosses its wall
  • endothelial cells are joined by tight junctions
  • regulated exchange - characterized by the distinct continuity of these capillary endothelial cells
    = the most common type of capillary
    Locations:
  • Muscle
  • CT
  • Exocrine glands
  • Nervous tissue
  • IN a specialized form in lung + placenta
45
Q

What are pericytes?

A
  • cells found along capillaries and in post-capillary venues
    = mesenchymal cells with long cytoplasmic processes
  • are enclosed in their own basal lamina that is continuous with the basal lamina of the endothelial walls
  • support and contractile cells offering structure and stability
  • play key role in development in growth of new vessels and may function in repair of vessels
46
Q

Describe characteristics of fenestrated capillaries including FXN and Locations

A
  • small circular fenestrae allow for more extensive molecular exchanges
  • each fenestrae is covered (usually) by a thin diaphragm containing heparan proteoglycans
  • have a continuous basal lamina
    Locations:
  • areas where rapid exchange i needed
  • endocrine glands
  • intestine
  • kidney
47
Q

Describe characteristics of discontinuous capillaries including FXN and Locations and alternate names

A

= sinusoidal capillaries = sinusoids
- large, flat, irregular shaped with fenestrations (usually) and gaps
- allow free exchange between blood and interstitial fluid
- blood moves slowly through them allowing for maximal exchange
Location:
- bone marrow
- spleen
- liver (has both fenestrations and gaps)

48
Q

Describe capillary beds and their regulation of blood flow

A

= new work that interconnects arterioles and venule (not all blood runs through the network through)

  • arterioles first branch into smaller vessels = met arterioles
  • metarterioles - have bands of smooth muscle cells on them that form precapillary sphincters - control how much blood enters the capillary bed
  • relaxation of precapillary sphincters allows blood to enter bed
  • the distal portion of the metarteriole is called the thoroughfare channel
49
Q

Describe the general characteristics of venous vessels

A
  • return low-oxygenated blood (gives it blue appearance) from capillary bed to right side of heart (exceptions = pulmonary veins and umbilical veins)
  • lower pressure in venous system - have thinner walls compared to companion arteries
  • veins donts pulse like arteries, are more abundant, have larger diameter, and 80% of BV is stored in them due to expansion capabilities and diameter
  • characterized by very large lumens and very thin walls - where adventitia is the majority of the wall
  • many have valves = foldings of TI into lumen
50
Q

What are the 3 types of venules

A

1) Immediate post-capillar venules
2) Muscular venules
3) High endothelial venule (HEV)

51
Q

Describe immediate post-capillary venules

A
  • structurally similar to capillaries
  • participate in exchanges between blood and tissue
  • primary site of WBCs exiting circulation
52
Q

Describe Muscular venules

A
  • as increase in size from post-capillary to muscular and up –> the tunica media starts to have recognizable smooth muscle
53
Q

Describe high endothelial venules (HEV) and their common locations

A

= specialization of venules
- cuboidal shaped epithelium (not squamous)
- facilitates rapid migration of lymphocytes into lymphoid tissue
- l-slectin in lymphocytes recognzies ligand on endothelial cell surface and integrins promote adhesion allowing them to cross the walls
- recognize them by the lumen, blood, lymphocytes
FXN:
- lymphocyte migration from systemic circulation into the tissue
Location:
- lymph node, tonsils, Peyer’s patches of small intestine

54
Q

Describe the characteristics of veins and how blood flow is carried out in them:

A
  • thin tunica media + tunica adventitia that is well developed
  • blood flows under low-pressure moving due to:
    A) Tunica Media Contraction
    B) external compression of muscles and organs
  • vein valves project from tunica intima
  • valves are made by semilunar folds of TI (elastic fibers and endothelium)
  • not all veins have valves - but most numerous in legs
55
Q

Describe characteristics of special large veins such as inferior/superior vena cava and how to recognize them

A
  • largest layer = tunica adventitia
  • tunica adventitia contains longitudinal arranged bundles of smooth muscle
    HINT on practical exam:
    ++ this will look like digestive system/wall of intestine –> determine endothelium to eliminate possibility of digestive system
56
Q

Describe the lymphoid system

A

= “overflow system”

  • drains surplus tissue fluid
  • removes cellular debris
  • monitors for infection/pathogens
  • all parts lined with endothelium
  • begins in CT as blind-ended system of vessels –> carries lymph in progressively larger vessels that fuse and eventually empty in large veins near heart
57
Q

Describe the lymphatic capillaries

A

= unidirection blind-ended vessels in capillary beds

  • consist of single layer of endothelium (no tight junctions) and an incomplete BM
  • held open by anchoring filaments of elastin covered in endothelium that bind the vessels to surrounding CT
58
Q

Describe lymphatic vessels

A

= formed by merger of lymphatic capillaries

  • walls remain very thin
  • usually do not contain RCBs
  • have an abundance of valves –> large vessels appear beaded due to number of valves
  • merger of lymphatic vessels gives rise to lymphatic trunks forming right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct
59
Q

What is lymph?

A

= clear fluid in lymph system

  • have similar composition to blood plasma
  • is filtered by lymph nodes
60
Q

what are Lymph Nodes?

A

= encapsulated structures containing elements of body’s defense system

  • certain body areas are known for the abundance of them
  • function in filtration of the lymph
61
Q

What is the right lymphatic duct?

A
  • is the larger lymph vessel that empties into a large vein near the right atrium of the heart
  • its function is to drain the upper right body quadrant
62
Q

What is the thoracic duct?

A

= larger lymph vessel that empties into a large vein near the right atrium of the heart

  • can be seen in gross anatomy
  • drains all of body not drained by right lymphatic duct (everything but the upper right quadrant

COT - Exam 2 (28 decks)

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