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COT - Exam 2 > 10.2 Lab + Lecture Notes > Flashcards

10.2 Lab + Lecture Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Megakaryocyte

A

= large, appearing multinucleate cell

  • always found basal to blood sinus (which might not always be apparent in plane of section)
  • undergo endomitosis
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2
Q

Endomitosis

A

= chromosome duplication without division

- seen in megakaryocytes

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3
Q

What are the advantages of real world microscope over virtual slides

A

1) Helpful to focus though cell - aiding in identification of nucleoli, primary and secondary granules
2) Helpful to adjust light source
- narrow aperture = benefits resolving power as expense of color
- wide aperture = better color contrast

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4
Q

Which hemoatopoietic lineage is more dependent on color contrast and which is more dependent on resolution of the slides for identification

A
  • Resolution = important for granulocyte precursors

- Color = important for erythrocyte precursors

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5
Q

Describe the key morphologic features of proerythroblast cells

A
  • large cell nucleoli and cytoplasm
  • ranges from neutral to basophilic
  • in common preparations is not distinguishable from myeloblast
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6
Q

Describe the key morphologic features of basophilic erythroblast cells

A
  • large (usually slightly smaller than proerythroblast cells)
  • basophilic cytoplasm
  • lack nucleoli
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7
Q

Describe the key morphologic features of polychromatic erythroblast cells

A
  • average-sized cell

- cytoplasm intermediate in color between basophilic and eosinophilic extremes

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8
Q

Describe the key morphologic features of othrochromatic erythroblast cells

A
  • average-size cells

- cytoplasm equivalent in color to that of reticulocytes

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9
Q

Describe the key morphologic features of reticulocytes

A
  • small, spherical eosinophilic cells
  • lacks nucleus
  • remnants of intracellular organelles can be visualized with special stains
  • stage where cell leaves the marrow (erythrocytes are not present within the marrow - developed from reticulocytes within the blood)
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10
Q

Describe the key morphologic features of myeloblast cells

A
  • large cell
  • nucleoli
  • not distinguishable from proerythroblast
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11
Q

Describe the key morphologic features of promyelocyte cells

A
  • smaller cell
  • nucleoli
  • azurophilic granules appearing –> often near golgi
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12
Q

Describe the key morphologic features of early myelocyte cells

A
  • need to indicate neutrophilic, basophilic, eosinophilic from this stage on in naming
  • few specific granules being to accumulate intracellular
  • round nucleus
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13
Q

Describe the key morphologic features of late lyelocyte cells

A
  • many specific granules

- bean shaped nucleus

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14
Q

Describe the key morphologic features of metamyelocyte cells

A
  • V-shaped nucleus (has an acute angle of indentation

- No basophilic metamyelocytes in LM because basophilic granules obscure the outline of nucleus

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15
Q

Describe the key morphologic features of band cells

A

= also called stab cells

  • neutrophilic by definition
  • C-shaped nucleus (usually no acute indents - but consider the orientation of the cell)
  • 2% normally in peripheral blood
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16
Q

Describe the overall key morphologic features of mature granulocyte cells

A
  • Segment nucleus
  • granulocytes normally leave the bone marrow in the mature form
  • if there is a large demand or a pathology may leave as late precursors as well
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17
Q

Nucleoli

A
  • in common stains for blood and marrow (Wright’s, Romanovsky, Giemsa) they appear as light circular regions inside nucleus
  • need to distinguish them from euchromatin/heterochromatin
  • largest cells in marrow will contain nucleoli
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18
Q

Azurophilic granules

A

= extremely small granules (primary) just at the limit of LM
- blue granules in precursor cells of granulocyte lineages (promyelocyte and then in decreasing number in each of the subsequent precursors as the specific granules are increasingly produced)

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19
Q

Describe the general strategy for identifying marrow cells

A

1) Do not identify cells that are broken/damaged or not round, and regions where cells are too close or too far apart
2) Triage into 1 of 3 categories
2A) Large nucleated cells –> erythroblast, myeloblast (both will just be called blast cells) or promyelocyte
2B) Smaller cells with round nuclei and no granules = erythrocytic lineage
2C) Smaller cells with indented (bean, V, C, lobed) nuclei = granulocytic lineage = most will be neutraphils
3) Evaluate overall slide for: color, azurophilic granules, neutrophilic/eosinophilic granules
4) ID using the 3 observations - weighing key features the highest

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20
Q

Red Marrow

A

= hematopoietically active

  • predominant until age 4
  • in adult red marrow is confined to ends of long bones + middle of some flat bones
  • ilium crest = area where we prefer to take marrow biopsies from
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21
Q

Yellow Marrow

A

= formed when hematopoietic activity declines

  • adipocytes replace hematopoietic island
  • balance between red and yellow marrow is dynamic - depends on demand for hematopoiesis
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22
Q

Stroma

A

= supporting tissue

ex. adipose tissue; reticular cells; CT (fibroblasts/CT and the cells that make it); blood supply

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23
Q

Parenchyma

A

=”functional tissue”

- developing blood cells (hematopoietic islands)

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24
Q

What is bone Marrow stroma

A

= cells that collaborate to control development and release of the hematopoietic cells

  • contains mesenchymal derived cells and hematopoietic derived cells
  • all marrow stromal cells are active in regulating + supporting hematopoiesis –> secreting cytokines fro growth, division, apoptosis as necessary
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25
Q

Describe the Hematopoietic derived Bone marrow stromal cells

A
  • osteoclasts

- macrophages (monocytes) –> where born in the marrow –> entered the blood –> and then returned to the CT of marrow

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26
Q

Describe the mesenchymal derived Bone marrow stromal cells

A
  • osteoblasts
  • adipocytes
  • fibroblasts
  • endothelial cells
27
Q

Stem cells

A
  • renew themselves
  • totipotent
  • don’t exists in adult
  • these are embryonic stem cells
28
Q

Pluripotent Hematopoietic Stem Cell (PHSC)

A 
= stem cell for blood
- all cells come from it
<0.015 of nucleated cells in marrow
- give rise to 2 progenitor cells 
1) CMP - myeloid = everything else in blood except lymphocytes
2) CLP - lymphoid - T and B lymphocytes
29
Q

Progenitors

A

= renew themselves

  • give rise to restricted cell lines
  • hematopoietically derived cells not listed in our drawings include mast cells, plasma cells, dendritic cells, NK-cells
30
Q

What does CMP give rise to

A
  • CFU-Eos (eosinophils)
  • CFU-B (basophils)
  • CFU-GM –> CFU-G (neutrophils) + CFU-M (monocytes)
  • CFU-megakarocyte (platelets)
  • ## BFU-E –> CFU-E (erythrocyte)Used to be known as CFU-S (spleen)
31
Q

What does CLP give rise to

A
  • CFU-LyT (T-lymphocyte)
  • ## CFU-LyB (B-lymphocyte)Used to be known as CFU-Ly (lymphocyte)
32
Q

Precursors

A
  • generate daughter cells that are more differentiated than the parent cell
  • progenitors (CFUs) - can make more of them selves while precursors cannot
  • 1st precursor cell in each lineage = blast
    ex. - proerythroblasts –> form erythocytes
    myeloblasts –> from granulocytes
33
Q

CD Markers

A
  • see in all except RBC
    -are not just for blood
  • presence or absence can be useful in ID of a cell
  • CD expression can be dependent on stage of differentiation (i.e. 45+ = all except RBC lineage from CMP –> mature; 33+ = same as 45+ except it excludes the progenitors)
  • CD molecules are FXNlly significant to cell
    (ex.
    CD34= cell adhesion molecule;
    CD14= receptor for molecules found on bacteria;
    CD3= part of T-cell receptor complex;
    CD4= helper T-cell;
    CD8= cytotoxic T-cell)
34
Q

Describe the erythrocyte Precursor lineage

A

1) Proerythroblast
2) basophilic erythroblast
3) Polychromatic erythroblast
4) Orthochromatic erythroblast
5) Reticulocyte

35
Q

Describe the Granulocyte Precursor Lineage

A

1) Myeloblast
2) Promyelocyte
3) Early (E/N/B) Myelocyte
4) late (E/N/B) Myelocyte
5) Metamyelocyte (E/N)
6) Band Cell (N), Mature E or B
7) Mature N

36
Q

Describe Regulation of Erythropoiesis

A
  • EPO rescues BFU-E and CFU-E from apoptosis - preventing a few erythrocyte progenitor cells from dying allow for more RBC production
  • is regulated by substances normally present in marrow stroma
    1) G-CSF (granulocyte colony stimulating factor)
    2) SCF ( stem cell factor)
    3) IL3
    4) Cytokine = Erythropoietin (EPO)
37
Q

Describe the regulation of EPO

A
  • [Oxygen]
  • renin-angiotensin system (sensing BP)
  • other hormones –> i.e. insulin
38
Q

Describe Erythropoiesis of progenitors

A

CMP - generates all lymphoid lineages

  • BFU-E
  • CFU- E
39
Q

Describe BFU-E

A

= progenitor Cell

  • motile - can present in peripheral blood
  • requires several cytokines for survival
  • high proliferative potential
  • 14 days to RBCs in culture
40
Q

Describe CFU-E

A

= progenitor cell

  • highly dependent on EPO
  • 7 days to RBC in culture
  • non-motile
  • found in marrow only
41
Q

Describe proerythroblast

A
  • nucleoli present in nucleus

- no granules in cytoplasm

42
Q

describe basophilic erythroblast

A

= fine chromatin clumps in nucleus

- basophilic cytoplasm

43
Q

Describe polychromatophilic erythroblast

A
  • coarse chromatin clumps in nucleus
  • grey-blue cytoplasm
  • last stage for mitosis
44
Q

describe orthochromatophilic erythroblast

A
  • chromatin very condensed

- cytoplasm like RBC’s in color

45
Q

Describe reticulocyte

A
  • no nucleus
  • fine strands in cytoplasm
  • frequency in peripheral blood depends on activity
46
Q

Compare granulocyte and RBCs in reference to their exit from bone marrow

A
  • Granulocytes –> leave marrow as band cells or mature forms - are present at 3% in peripheral blood
  • RBCs –> leave marrow as reticulocytes (immature forms) - are still finishing Hb production at this time - are present at <1.5% in peripheral blood
47
Q

Reticulocyte ultrastructure

A
  • leave marrow by piercing through endothelial cells
  • mitochondria and polysomes are still finishing the Hb production
  • Biconcave RBC shape is formed in circulation so they are still in spherical shape
48
Q

Describe neurtrophilic granules

A
  • secrete IL-1 = pyrogen
  • Tertiary granules = facilitate migration to target - followed by neutraphil phagocytosis - engulfing bacteria - internalizing it in phagosome (has decreased pH)
  • specific (secondary) granules - kill bacteria with enzymes and ROS (by binding with phagosome)
  • azurophilic (primary) granules - lysosomal enzymes digest bacteria
49
Q

Describe eosinophilic granules

A
  • specific granules have a very distinctive EM appearance
  • Internum = electron-dense crystalloid body containing major basic protein (causes line across granule), eos cationic protein, parasitic neurotoxins)
  • Externum = aryl sulfatase, histaminase, acid phosphatase
50
Q

Describe basophilic granules

A
  • have distinct granules in EM

- contain inflammatory substances –> histamine (vasodilator) + heparin (anti-coagulant)

51
Q

Describe Monocyte Developmental lineage

A

1) CFU-GM (progenitor)
2) CFU-M (progenitor)
3) Monoblast (precursor)
4) Promonocyte (precursor)
5) Monocyte (blood)
6) Macrophage, dendritic cells, osteoclasts (in tissue)

52
Q

Describe Lymphocyte Developmental Lineage

A 
1) CFU-Ly (progenitor)
2A)  CFU-LyB (progenitor)
2B) CFU-LyT (progenitor)
3) Lymphoblast (precursor)
4) Proplymphocyte (precursor)
5) Lymphocyte (blood)
6) Ly-B, Ly-T, NK-Cells, Interstitial plasma cells (tissue)
53
Q

Megakaryocyte

A
  • reside exclusively in bone marrow
  • huge cells
  • release pre platelets into sinusoid –> mature into platelets in circulation
  • polyploid cells (1 nucleus but many copies of DNA) - as a result of endomitotic division
  • promegakaryocytes = have their adult chromosome content - the amount is related to number of platelets produced
    Developmental Lineage:
    CMP –> CFU-Meg–> (Pro-)Megakaryoblast –> (Pro-)Megakaryocyte
54
Q

Megakaryocyte ultrastructure

A
  • platelet demarcation channels form in cytoplasm
  • 8000 platelets per megakaryocyte
  • can see endomitosis in EM
  • processess extend through sinus capillaries into sinus lumen –> pre-platelets are pinched off in lumen
55
Q

Diseases of Bone Marrow

A
  • bone marrow and thymus = primary lymphoid organs
  • disorders of marrow function can cause anemias or leukemias (= disorders of WBC proaction - might see circulating precursors)
  • hematopoiesis can be controlled pharmacologically
55
Q

Diseases of Bone Marrow

A
  • bone marrow and thymus = primary lymphoid organs
  • disorders of marrow function can cause anemias or leukemias (= disorders of WBC proaction - might see circulating precursors)
  • hematopoiesis can be controlled pharmacologically
56
Q

What are the 4 cytokines often used as drugs and what cells do they com from

A

1) G-CSF (neutrophils)
2) GM-CSF ( leukocytes)
3) EPO (erythrocytes)
4) IL-2 (T-cells)

56
Q

What are the 4 cytokines often used as drugs and what cells do they com from

A

1) G-CSF (neutrophils)
2) GM-CSF ( leukocytes)
3) EPO (erythrocytes)
4) IL-2 (T-cells)

57
Q

Describe Anemia

A
  • reduction in O2 carrying capacity of blood
  • ## causes include: blood loss via trauma/genetic defect; kidney disease (kidney and liver make EPO); bone marrow cancertaxonomy of anemias
    a) too few RBCs - too few produced or to many lost/destroyed
    b) too many RBCs - polycythemia
    C) right # but - too small or too large or wrong shape
57
Q

Describe Anemia

A
  • reduction in O2 carrying capacity of blood
  • ## causes include: blood loss via trauma/genetic defect; kidney disease (kidney and liver make EPO); bone marrow cancertaxonomy of anemias
    a) too few RBCs - too few produced or to many lost/destroyed
    b) too many RBCs - polycythemia
    C) right # but - too small or too large or wrong shape
58
Q

What are the 4 leukemias described in class and Describe the basic classification system

A
  • ALL, AML, CLL, CML
    First Letter
    = A = acute = few matter circulating cells
    = C = chronic = abnormal FXN in circulating cells
    Second Letter
    = M = myelongenous = affecting myeloid cells
    = L = lymphatic = affecting lymphatic cells
    Third Letter
    = L = Leukemia = adbnormal proliferation of leukocytes (why it is sometimes called “cancer of blood”)
58
Q

What are the 4 leukemias described in class and Describe the basic classification system

A
  • ALL, AML, CLL, CML
    First Letter
    = A = acute = few matter circulating cells
    = C = chronic = abnormal FXN in circulating cells
    Second Letter
    = M = myelongenous = affecting myeloid cells
    = L = lymphatic = affecting lymphatic cells
    Third Letter
    = L = Leukemia = abnormal proliferation of leukocytes (why it is sometimes called “cancer of blood”)
59
Q

Describe AML

A
  • peripheral blood –> most cells are myeloblasts (nucleoli), contains many cells normally found in marrow
  • very few mature leukocytes in blood
  • Marrow: is full of rapidly dividing immature cells - that do not differentiate
  • normal cell in marrow are affected by crowding (anemia and bleeding are common)
  • treatment includes drugs, radiation, bone marrow transplant, autologous stem cell transplants
59
Q

Describe AML

A
  • peripheral blood –> most cells are myeloblasts (nucleoli), contains many cells normally found in marrow
  • very few mature leukocytes in blood
  • Marrow: is full of rapidly dividing immature cells - that do not differentiate
  • normal cell in marrow are affected by crowding (anemia and bleeding are common)
  • treatment includes drugs, radiation, bone marrow transplant, autologous stem cell transplants

COT - Exam 2 (28 decks)

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