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COT - Exam 2 > 15.1 - Cancer Biology > Flashcards

15.1 - Cancer Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Integument

A
  • Composed of 2, often 3 layers
    1) Epidemis =
  • epithelial layer
    2) Dermis =
  • CT layers with 2 divisions:
  • A) papillary layer
  • B) reticular layer
    3) Hypodermis =
  • deep to the dermis
  • rich in adipose tissue
  • not always present
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2
Q

Dermal Papillae

A
  • bumps/papillae extending from dermis into epidermis
  • FXN: increased mechanical strength
  • epidermis in between them forms interpapillary (rete) pegs
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3
Q

Interpapillary (rete) pegs

A

= epidermal tissue lying in between the dermal papillae

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4
Q

Keratinocyte

A

= principle cell of dermis

  • its stem cell is located in the stratum basale = most basal layer
  • daughter cells form the stratum spinosum
  • in the stratum spinosum –> neighboring keratinocytes connect to each other via desmosomal junctions
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5
Q

Stratum granulosum

A

= visible in thick skin only (thin skin lacks this visible layer in LM)
- cells here contain visible keratohyaline granules

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6
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A

= consists of dying cells that still retain cytoplasm

- visible in thick skin only (thin skin lacks this visible layer in LM)

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7
Q

Stratum corneum

A

= top layer of skin

  • conceits of keratin sheets bound by lipids and keratohyaline
  • the lipids function to form a water barrier
  • keratohyaline = a fillagrin precursor that acts as a glue for the keratin
  • In EM –> lipids with associated enzymes are visibly contained within distinctive lamellar bodies
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8
Q

Keratohyaline

A

= fillagrin precursor

  • acts as a glue for keratin
  • present in the keratin sheets of the stratum corneum
  • present in the granules of the cells of the epidermal stratum granulosum layer
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9
Q

3 minority cells in the epidermis

A

1) Melanocytes
2) Langerhans’ cells
3) Merkel Cells
- both 1 and 2 are migratory

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10
Q

Melanocytes

A

= minority cell type in epidermis

  • export melanin pigment to surrounding keratinocytes –> via cytocrine transfer of melanosome vesicles
  • derived from neural crest cells
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11
Q

Langerhans cells

A

= minority cell type in epidermis

  • resident APC (dendritic cells)
  • derived from hematopoietic CLP cell
  • cells of the immune system
  • labels with CD1a in video
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12
Q

Merkel Cell

A
  • mysterious cell (little known)
  • interfaces with the nervous system
  • participates in mechanosensation
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13
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles

A

= sense light touch

- reside in papillary dermis

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14
Q

Pacinian Corpuscles

A

= sense pressure

- reside deep in the dermis or hypodermis

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15
Q

Free nerve endings

A
  • sense pain and temperature

- also present in dermis

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16
Q

Apocrine sweat glands

A

= large tubular serous galnds
- found only in axilla and armpits
- majority of their secretions (in humans) are eccrine in nature
(anal scent glands of dogs are apocrine sweat glands that secrete apocrine product)

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17
Q

Hair follicle

A

= specialized invagination of the epidermal layer

  • hair shaft = center of hair follicle - surrounded b root sheath
  • dermal papilla of the hair = region at the base of the follicle from which hair grows
  • are often found in associated with sebaceous glands + arrector pili muscle that functions to erect the hair –> meet follicle in bulge region
  • stem cells for the follicle are found in this bulge region
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18
Q

Hair shaft

A

= center of hair follicle

  • often missing from histological sections
  • surrounded by root sheath
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19
Q

Root sheath

A

= surrounds the hair shaft at the center of the hair follicle

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20
Q

Dermal papilla of the hair

A

= region at the base of the hair follicle

- location where hair grows from

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21
Q

Three distinct phases of hair growth

A

1) Anagen
2) Catagen
3) Telogen

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22
Q

Sebaceous glands

A
  • often found in association with hair follicles at the bulge region
  • can exist without accompanying hairs (ex. on the nipple)
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23
Q

Arrector pili muscle

A
  • associated with hair follicles

- FXN: to erect the hair

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24
Q

Bulge region

A

= location of the stem cells for the hair follicle

- location where arrestor pili muscle and sebaceous glands contact the hair follicle

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25
Q

Mammary Gland

A
  • evolutionarily derived from sweat glands
  • modified during evolution to produce colostrum and subsequently milk for the postnatal nourishment of young
  • stroma = CT and adipose tissue
  • parenchyma = organized into lobes + lobules
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26
Q

Colostrum

A
  • evolutionary product of the sweat glands - precursor to the milk product of the mammary glands which are derived evolutionarily from sweat glands
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27
Q

Stromal breast tissue

A
  • includes connective and adipose tissue
28
Q

Parenchymal breast tissue organization

A

into lobes and lobules

29
Q

4 types of mammary glandular cell secretions and the respective products

A

1) Apocrine secretion - lipids
2) Merocrine secretion - proteins and carbohydrates
3) Transcytosis - antibodies
4) Active transport - vitamins, salts, hormones

30
Q

Ductal system for the transfer of milk

A

Lacteriferous duct System

1) small intralobular ducts
- within the lobules
2) medium interlobular ducts
- between the lobules
3) larger lactiferous ducts
- (no specific name)
- lead from lobes to the nipple
- these ducts anastamose near the nipple in lactiferous sinuses

31
Q

Growth of lactiferous duct network

A
  • by branching morphogenesis in stages throughout the lifetime
    A) at birth
    = limited network
    B) at puberty
  • estrogen principally influences the expansion of the network
  • progesterone produced during puberty stimulates the development of glandular cells
    C) during breast feeding and perinatally
  • PRL stimulates the glandular activity
  • Oxytocin mediates neurally-controlled “let-down” reflex
32
Q

What is the epidermis

A 
= epithelial layer of the integument
- contains 3-5 sublayers depending on whether skin is thick or thin
- thick skin has 2 added layers
 A) stratum lucidum
B) stratum granulosum
33
Q

What are the 5 layers of the epidermis - outside inwards (Note: would only be three in thin skin, indicate the two that are present in thick skin only)

A

1) Stratum corneum
2) Stratum Lucidum
- thick skin only
3) Stratum granulosum
- thick skin only
4) Stratum spinosum
5) Stratum basale

34
Q

Describe the Stratum Corneum

A

= cornified outermost laer

- consists of mostly accumulated intercellular cross-linked keratin proteins

35
Q

Describe the Stratum Lucidum

A
  • in thick skin only
  • relatively translucent layer
  • cells have lost their nuclei
  • cell are loosing much of cytoplasm/volume and desmosomal connections
36
Q

Describe the stratum granulosum

A
  • in thick skin only

- contains special type of granules = keratohyaline granules + lamellar granules (membrane-coating granules)

37
Q

Describe the stratum spinosum

A
  • layer of relatively healthy keratinocytes

- makes up the majority of skin thickness

38
Q

Stratum basale

A
  • most basal layer of the epidermis
  • contains a small population of stem cells
  • sits against BM
39
Q

What is the dermis

A
  • CT layer of the integument
  • contains 2 divisions
    1) Papillary dermis
    2) Reticular Dermis
40
Q

What are the two divisions of the dermis

A

1) Papillary dermis

2) Reticular Dermis

41
Q

Describe the papillary dermis layer

A
  • immediately adjacent to the BM of epidermis
  • loose irregular CT layer
  • surrounds dermal papillae = evaginations of CT layer into the epidermis
42
Q

What are dermal papillae

A

= evaginations of the papillary dermis CT (loose irregular) into the epidermis

  • tips contain meissner’s corpuscles (sensory FXN)
  • tips contain extensive capillary network
  • corresponding epidermal structures = interpapillary pegs
43
Q

What are interpapillary pegs

A

= the corresponding epidermal structures to the dermal papillae

44
Q

Describe the reticular dermis layer

A
  • deeper dermal layer
  • dense irregular CT
  • often contains significant quantities of elastic fibers
45
Q

Describe the hypodermis

A

= extra layer of adipose tissue below the dermis

46
Q

What are the 2 granules types found in the stratum granulosum layer of cells and the function of each type

A

1) kerato-hyaline granules = very dark in EM and dark in the LM
- FXN: produce cross-lnked keratin in these cells + form a sheet-like substance that will form the tough upper layers of skin
2) lamellar granules = membrane coating granules
- FXN: produce lipid secretion - becomes extracellularized + serves to insulate the epithelium against water loss through the skin

47
Q

What are melanosomes

A

= the special intracellular compartments/vesicles in melanocytes where they produce the melanin pigment

48
Q

Describe melanocytes

A
  • spinous cells that extend processes among neighboring keratinocytes
  • unlike the keratinocytes - they do not have desmosomal connections and are therefore somewhat free to migrate within the epithelium
  • in H and E - are notable for lack of desmosomal connections –> so usually see shrinkage around neighboring keratinocytes and no pigment in them
49
Q

What are the 3 steps in synthesis of pigment and the degradation of it

A

1) Premelanosome formation
- specialized intracellular organelle (vesicle) is formed = future melanosome
2) Synthesis of melanin in early melanosome
3) Melanosome secretion
- transported to distal arms of spinous processes of the melanocytes
- are secreted via cytocrine secretion (cell to cell trans secretion
- melanosomes end up in neighboring keratinocytes (generally those in stratum basale)
4) Melanosome degradation in keratinocytes

50
Q

Describe a hair follicle

A
  • rarely will find an entire hair follicle present in 1 section because it is a long structure
    = invagination of integument surface
  • integument has a BM continuous around the follicle forms a structure = glassy membrane
  • cells of epidermis continue into hair follicle as root-sheeth
51
Q

What is the glassy membrane

A
  • structure formed from the BM continuing from the integument around the hair follicle
  • thick structure - visible in LM
52
Q

Describe the root sheath and the 2 divisions of it

A

= cells of epidermis continuing into hair follicle
- divided into 2 parts
1) External Root sheath (ERS) = relatively apical and external
2) Internal root sheath (IRS) = relatviely basal and internal
- consists of sublayers
A) Henle’s layer of IRS
B) Huxley’s layer of IRS

53
Q

What is the hair bulb

A

= structure that hair is grown from

  • exists in base of hair follicle
  • most often found in hypodermis layer
  • or if hypodermis layer is absent then it will be found very deep in dermis layer of skin
54
Q

Describe the shaft of hair and the 3 portions comprising it

A
  • sometimes it is not present in LM
  • morphology of it is difficult to preserve and therefor is rare to see 3 layers of hair?
  • 3 portions of the shaft
    1) Inner portion = medulla
    2) Middle portion = cortex
    3) outer portion = cuticle
55
Q

Describe the bulge region

A

= cellular structure of desquamated cells present in hair bulb

  • important region because it contains the stem cells for the hair follicle
  • 2 structures that are visible in LM attach to the hair follicle in this region
    1) Sebaceous gland
  • holocrine secreting gland (cells undergo apoptosis in apex of gland and contribute entire contents to secretion that ends up between the hair shaft and ERS)
  • stratified cell layer
  • produces sebum (waxy substance)
    2) Arractor pili muscle
  • function to make hair stand straight
56
Q

Describe the mammary glands

A

= modified sweat glands

  • FXN: produce milk and other substances for the nourishment of newborn in females
  • present in rudimentary form in prepubescent individuals and males
57
Q

Describe the stromal structure of the mammary glands

A
  • bulk of which is dense irregular CT or adipose tissue
58
Q

Describe the parenchyma structure of the mammary gland

A
  • lactifierous ducts (drain to the nipple from lactiferous sinus)
  • each duct drains 1 lobe of the breast
59
Q

Discuss the general morphology/organization of breast in LM

A
  • structure of a lobe is rarely apparent in LM because the lobes are usually bigger than average tissue block
  • each lobe is divided into multiple lobules
  • a lobule can be identified by
    A) loose irregular CT
    B) hypercellularity of the (loose irregular) CT - many of which are lymphocytes and/or plasma cells in active breast will contribute antibodies via transcytosis into product of breast
  • outside lobule = the normal stroma of the breast - made up of dense irregular CT + adipose tissue
60
Q

Describe the lobular morphology in an inactive breast

A
  • lobules consist entirely of ducts

- a lot of CT

61
Q

Describe the lobular morphology of an inactive breast

A
  • stem cells in tips will elaborate and form complicated acinar structures = secretory glands
  • lobules empty in a particular order so compare lobules with adjacent lobules - some may be filled and others may be relatively empty
  • lobules - consists entire of ducts, much less CT, have elaboration of secretory alveoli filling them
  • abundance of lymphocytes
62
Q

Describe the morphology of the lactiferous ducts

A
  • notable for absence of secretions

- will be single cuboidal cell layer

63
Q

What are the 2 specific categorizations of the lactiferous ducts and their morphologies

A

1) Intralobular lactiferous ducts
- within a lobule
- surrounded by loose CT
2) Interlobular lactiferous ducts
- harder to find
- between a lobule
- surrounded by dense CT

64
Q

Describe the morphology of secretory cells of mammary glands

A
  • contain lipid inclusions (sitting apically in the cell; secreted via apocrine secretion to the lumen)
  • also contain significant protein components to the milk - secreted by merocrine secretion apically into the lumen
65
Q

Describe myoepithelial cells including their role and location in the mammary gland

A
  • surround glandular and ductal portions of the tissue
  • help to expel product
  • can occasionally be seen in the LM

COT - Exam 2 (28 decks)

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