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COT - Exam 2 > 12.1 GI System > Flashcards

12.1 GI System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Vermillion Border, and what are some characteristic structures found on specifically on either side of it?

A

= region of lip where integument meets oral cavity

  • on integument side of lip: hair follicles, sebaceous glands, eccrine sweat glands (characteristic of integument)
  • on oral cavity side: minor salivary glands (characteristic of oral cavity epithelia)
  • In between the structures of the two sides is the orbicular is iris
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2
Q

What is the orbicularis iris?

A

= skeletal muscle that forms a sphincter around the mouth

- located in-between the oral cavity and the integument sides of the lip

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3
Q

Describe the characteristics of the tongue

A
  • body of the tongue is composed of skeletal muscle fascicles in triorthogonal arrangement
  • surface of the tongue = SSK + contains folds called papillae
  • also see von Ebner’s Glands
  • 3 types of papillae are found
    1) Filiform papillae
    2) Fungiform papillae
    3) Circumvallate (Vallate) papillae
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4
Q

What are the filiform papillae?

A
  • the most common form of papillae on the tongue surface

- papillae = folds in the tongue

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5
Q

What are the fungiform papillae?

A
  • the second most common papillae found in the tongue epithelium
  • are mushroom shaped
  • host the tastebuds near the lumenal surface
  • smaller than vallate papillae
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6
Q

What are the circumvallate (vallate) papillae?

A
  • larger, but least prominent of the three types of papillae found in the tongue
  • contain lateral taste buds apposed to a moat
  • form a V nearer to the root of the tongue
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7
Q

What are Von Ebner’s Glands?

A
  • found novelly emptying a pure serous product into the moat of the tongue
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8
Q

What are the 3 mineralized tissues that make up the adult tooth and which makes up the outside of the tooth?

A

1) - Enamel on the outside
2) - dentin on the inside (surrounds the pulp cavity)
3) Cementum - (doesn’t really become present until the adult tooth or after the root stage)

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9
Q

What is the Pulp cavity

A
  • the interior of the tooth
  • Surrounded by dentin (interior mineralized tissue of the tooth)
  • comprised of innervated, vascularized CT
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10
Q

What are ameloblasts? Describe their function and presence in the adult structure.

A
  • Produce enamel of the tooth
  • enamel is produced before the tooth erupts
  • they are lost before the tooth erupts and are not present in the adult tooth
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11
Q

What are Ordontoblasts? Describe their function and presence in the adult structure.

A
  • Produces predentin (unmineralized dentin)

In the adult structure:

  • these cells remain present on the inner surface facing the pulp cavity
  • maintain processes inside the dentin in dentinal tubules
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12
Q

Define the anatomical crown and distinguish it from the clinical crown

A
  • The anatomical crown is the enamel-covered surface of the tooth
  • the visible portion of that enamel defines the clinical crown
  • the difference between the two is the surface of the tooth apposed to the junctional epithelium across the gingival sulcus
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13
Q

What is the gingival sulcus?

A
  • where the surface of the tooth is apposed to the junctional epithelium
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14
Q

What is the gingiva?

A

= specialized region of mucosa immediately surrounding the tooth

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15
Q

What are cementocytes/cementoblasts? Describe their function and presence in the adult structure.

A
  • Cementoblasts - produce cementum
  • cementum is the third mineralized substance of the tooth –> covers dentin of the tooth root (instead of enamel)
  • -> Called cementocytes when they are trapped in lacunae of the cellular cementum
  • Cementocytes are lost nearer to the dentin surface - form a complementary region of acellular cementum
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16
Q

What is the periodontal ligament?

A
  • is the interface with the cementum and surrounding bone (mandible or maxilla)
  • connect to either side via Sharpey’s Fibers - oriented perpendicularly to the collagen of the ligament (larger ones connect to the bone)
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17
Q

What are Sharpey’s Fibers?

A
  • fibers that connect the PDL to the cementum and the surrounding bone (mandible or maxilla)
  • larger ones connect into the bone structure
  • are oriented perpendicularly to the collagen of the PDL
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18
Q

Describe the Dentinal Lamina Stage of tooth development

A
  • oral epithelium has been indented

- mesenchyme condensation induced by ectomesenchymal cells is seen (formally neural crest cells)

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19
Q

Describe the cap and bell stage of tooth development (why they are named that)

A
  • Named for the general shape of the enamel organ

- organization of the shape of this enamel organ controls the tooth shape

20
Q

What is the enamel organ?

A

= sac-like structure consisting of an

1) inner enamel epithelium - containing ameloblasts
2) outer enamel epithelium - surrounding the stellate reticulum

21
Q

What is the stellate reticulum

A
  • surrounded by the outer (and inner) enamel epithelium
  • network of star-shaped cells
  • through organizing the shape of the enamel organ around it –> controls the tooth shape
22
Q

What is Hertwig’s Epithelial Root Sheet (HERS)?

A

= a band of cells that induced dentin formation beneath the cervical loop (the base of the future anatomical crown)
- this elongates the tooth root during the root stage

23
Q

What is the cervical loop?

A

= the base of the future anatomical crown

- the point between the outer enamel epithelium and inner enamel epithelium in the cap and bell stages

24
Q

What are the two parts of the oral cavity?

A

1) Oral Vestibule

2) Oral Cavity Proper

25
Q

What is the oral vestibule?

A

= the space between the cheeks and anterior surface of the tongue

26
Q

What is the oral cavity proper?

A

= space between the upper and lower dental arches - from inter surface of teeth to oral pharynx
- extend superior to hard palate (bony palate) and to the soft palate (muscular palate)

27
Q

Describe the tissue organization of the oral cavity

A
  • minor salivary glands are found throughout the oral cavity
  • it is lined by oral mucosa - formed by epithelium + underlying CT (no muscular is mucosae layer here)
  • CT of the oral mucosa is anchored directly to bone or underlying submucosal layer
28
Q

What are the 3 types of oral epithelium mucosa?

A

1) Masticatory Mucosa
2) Lining Mucosa
3) Specialized Epithelium

29
Q

Describe the location of the Masticatory Mucosa of the oral cavity

A

= regions of oral cavity exposed to considerable friction
- will see ketatohyalin granule-containing cells
- located where chewing takes place:
1) Gingiva
2) Hard palate
3) Dorsal surface of the tongue
[1,2 have the most developed keratin layer]

30
Q

What is the morphology of the Masticatory Mucosa of the oral cavity?

A
  • SSK or SSParaK
  • SSK = no nuclei in superficial cells, intensely eosinophilic staining
  • SSPK = only described as normal in oral cavity, most superficial cells with stain lightly for keratin, but do not loose their nuclei (may have piqnotic nuclei)
31
Q

Describe the function of the masticatory mucosa of the oral cavity.

A

= provide a tough inflexible layer that will resist abrasion (is tightly bound to lamina propria)
- will see ketatohyalin granule-containing cells

32
Q

Describe the characteristics of the lining mucosa including the three layers of the epithelium from muscosa inwards.

A
  • covers majority of the oral cavity
  • morphology: SSNK of varying thickness (but overall thicker than masticator epithelium)
  • not subject to high levels of friction
  • is flexible - allows movement of underlying tissues and muscles
  • Contains three layers:
    1) Stratum Granulosum
    2) Stratum Spinosum
    3) Stratum Basale
33
Q

Where do you find the lining mucosa of the oral cavity?

A
  • not found in areas where chewing takes place
  • not subject to high levels of friction - is flexible
  • found in:
    1) Cheeks,
    2) Floor of mouth
    3) inferior surface of tongue
    4) Soft palate
    5) inner/oral surface of lip
    6) Under tongue (clinically important) - the SSNK epithelia is much thinner, is most permeable in oral cavity, has high vascularization (aka is site for entry of sublingual meds)
34
Q

Describe the Specialized Epithelium and whats so special about it.

A
  • contains the taste buds
  • tastebuds = clusters of epithelial cells
  • Taste buds contain 3 types of cells
    1) Neuroepithelial Cells
    2) Supporting Cells
    3) Basal Cells
35
Q

What is the taste pore?

A
  • made up of 50-90 fusiform cells that have narrow apical ends
  • these cells converge to form the taste pore
  • opens into the oral cavity
36
Q

Describe the 3 cell types found in the taste bud

A

1) Neuroepithelial Cell (sensory cell)
- has high rate of turnover (7-10 days)
- has microvilli - extend from apical cell through taste pore
- microvilli have receptors that interact with tastents in oral cavity
- forms synapse with afferent neuron - brings taste info to CNS
2) Supporting Cells
- has microvilli don’t synapse with nerve cells
3) Basal Cells
- Small cells
- FXN as stem cell for both #s 1 and 2

37
Q

Describe the secretory element of salivary glands and the three cell types that could be present

A
  • blind ended duct - composed of secretory cells
  • contains 3 types of cells all in contact with lumen and secrete into it
    1) Serous Cells
  • secrete only serous product = a watery, protein filled saliva (proteins are stored in apically located zymogen granules)
    2) Mucous Acini
  • secrete mucous product stored in mucinogen granules
  • H&E stain - cells appear empty, nucleus is pushed to basal aspect of cell
    3) Mixed Acini
  • contain serous + mucous producing cells
  • mucous cells appear to have cap of serous cells (serous demilunes)
38
Q

Describe the myoepithelial cells of salivary glands

A

= specialized epithelial cells

  • -> contractile cells with numerous processes containing actin filaments
  • located between basal plasma membrane of secretory cell and basal lamina of epithelium
  • also found in the proximal duct region
39
Q

Describe the salivary ducts

A

= 3 separate ducts (nearest to secretory element) that transport + modify saliva

1) Intercalated ducts = low cuboidal cells
2) Striated ducts = columnar shaped cells
- contain basal infoldings that increase the number of mitochondria available for ion transport
3) Excretory duct = pseudostratified epithelium
- forms from smaller ducts coming together
- rungs in large amount of CT
- opens into oral cavity

40
Q

Summarize the flow of saliva towards the lumen of the oral cavity.

A

1) Serous/Mucous/Mixed Cells
2) Small interlobular duct (intercalated duct)
3) Striated Duct
4) Interlobular duct
5) Stratified Columnar epithelium
6) Main Duct

41
Q

What ar the two overarching divisions of salivary glands of the oral cavity

A

1) Major salivary glands
- 3 paired major salivary glands
- A. Parotid, B. Submandibular, C. Sublingual
2) Minor Salivary glands
- located throughout the oral cavity in CT layer
ex. palantine salivary glands

42
Q

Describe the minor salivary glands

A
  • located throughout the oral cavity in the CT layer
  • can be named based on location (ex. palatine salivary glands)
  • are all mixed glands (mucous + serous) except Von Ebner’s glands (is only serous)
43
Q

Describe Von Ebner’s glands

A
  • the only minor salivary glands that are all serous cells
  • these glands are associated with vallate papilla of the tongue (which are lined with taste buds)
  • the serous product of these glands FXNs to clear the area for new taste stimuli
44
Q

Describe the parotid glands

A
  • one of the major salivary glands
  • purely serous glands
  • contain large parotid excretory duct that releases saliva in the general area of the second molar tooth of the upper jaw
  • gland undergoes involution with age
  • is encapsulated in dense CT sheath - limits its mobility
45
Q

Describe the Submandibular Glands

A
  • located below the mandible
  • excretory duct releases saliva below tongue (sublingually)
  • is a mixed gland (primarily serous secretion though)
46
Q

Describe the sublingual gland

A
  • located below the tongue
  • multiple duct profiles real sing into area under the tongue
  • has very low profiles of duct, very small ducts with no singular large excretory duct
  • some of the ducts open into oral cavity + some into duct of submandibular gland
  • primarily mucous secreting gland
  • thick viscus product of this gland helps food stick together to form the bolus

COT - Exam 2 (28 decks)

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