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COT - Exam 2 > 10.4 Lab + Lecture Notes > Flashcards

10.4 Lab + Lecture Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Primary Lymphatic Organs

A
  • Responsible for generation of immune system
  • bone marrow
  • thymus
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2
Q

Secondary Lymphatic Organs

A
  • Sites where cells work
  • different levels of organization ranging from simple (i.e. MALT) to medium (tonsils - modifications in tissues to allow lymphatic cells to work) to very organized (spleen, lymph nodes)
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3
Q

NK Cells

A

= natural killer cells (= lymphocytes - but not T-/B-cells have a different progenitor)

  • detect down regulation of MHCI in somatic cells
  • respond quickly (good for tumor detection) –> destroy or mark for destruction
  • FXN: kill things that lack MHCI or express in lower than normal amount - in an antibody-independent manner
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4
Q

B-lymphocyte

A

main FXN = recognize foreign antigens and produce antibodies –> just tag invaders
- when recognize an invade, will be “activated” - rapidly undergo mitosis (in lymphoid follicles) - create army of B-cells to opsonize invader

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5
Q

Opsonization

A

= coat the invader (in antibodies)

= a simple signal to tell other cells to kill it

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6
Q

Antibodies what are the five major ones we discussed

A
  • contain variable and constant regions
  • IgG
  • IgM
  • IgA
  • IgD
  • IgE
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7
Q

IgG

A

= majro antibody of blood + lymph

  • complement activation
  • crosses placenta
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8
Q

IgM

A

= first antibody formed

  • complement activation
  • B-cell receptor
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9
Q

IgA

A

= major antibody of secretions

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10
Q

IgD

A

= membrane antibody only

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11
Q

IgE

A

= major antibody of allergic responses

- Fc portion binds to mast cells /basophils

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12
Q

T-cells what are the four types we discussed

A
  • CD8 - Killer (cytotoxic) T-cells
  • CD4 - Helper T-cells
  • CD 4 regulatory (suppressor) t-cells
  • Delta-gamma T-cells
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13
Q

Describe Killer (cytotoxic T-cells), include what CD protein and MHC complex are used by them

A
  • CD8
  • scan MHCI on somatic cells
  • MHCI has two activities
    1) constant = tell other cells it blend to body and avoid NK cell response
    2) variable = cuts up currently transcribing protein and displays on MHC I variable region –> allows B-cells to recognize and mark the invader
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14
Q

Describe Helper T-cells, include what CD protein and MHC complex are used by them

A
  • CD4

- scan MHC2 on APCs

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15
Q

Describe Suppressor T-cells

A
  • regulatory T-cells
  • FXN in regulating Adaptive Immune response
  • CD4
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16
Q

Describe delta-gamma T cells

A
  • see in tonsils
  • contain variant TCR - not restricted to MHC
  • TCRs are enriched in intraepithelial lymphocytes
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17
Q

Describe the 3 types of APCs and what cell do they activate

A
  • 3 types that activate CD4+ “helper” T-cells
    1) Dendritic Cells - including Langerhans Cells in skin
    2) Macrophages - including tissue-specific macrophages –> are phagocytic and can activate CD4 system
    3) B-cells - for its specific antigen
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18
Q

What are the six points of the immune response system roughly from least to most specific

A

1) Complement System
2) NK cells
3) Macrophages
4) B-cells and antibodies
5) Tc-cells, MHCI
6) Th-cells + APCs, MHC II

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19
Q

Describe the Thymus

A
  • derived from endoderm
  • ball of epithelial cells - retains that character but no lumen - has CT around it
  • Cells = thymocytes + ERCs
  • is one of two primary immune organs
  • blood-thymus barrier - traps naive thymocytes in thymic cortex –> ERCs = barrier against reentering circulation or moving into medulla
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20
Q

What are the parenchymal cells of the thymus

A

= thymocytes = T-cells - all leave the marrow as CD4- and CD8-

  • acquire immunocompetence by learning to recognize non-self molecules presented on MHCI and MHCII
  • purple staining
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21
Q

What are the stromal cells of the thymus

A
  • Epithelial reticular cells (ERCs)
  • FXN to form a barrier in organ to prevent certain thymocytes that are self-reactive from entering efferent vasculature
  • control, guide, lightly test the development of lymphocytes
  • pink staining
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22
Q

Describe Thymic aging

A
  • involution (just like in bone marrow)
  • thyms is most active in child hood
  • in its senescence its t-cell parenchyma is largely replaced by adipose tissue
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23
Q

Describe Thymic embryology

A
  • derived from endoderm at level of 3rd pharyngeal arch

- induced to from by ectomesenchyme (neural crest cells)

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24
Q

Describe the circulation of the thymus

A
  • Capillaries all ascend through the cortex then loop around to come back out
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25
Q

Describe the micro-environment and compartments of the thymic cortex + medulla

A
  • ERCs guard the entrance to cortex/medullar
  • ERCs create a perivarscular space (PVS) between them and medullary vessels
  • to get into the cortex and out through the medulla need to pass from Endothelial cell –> CT compartment –> ERC (cortex) –> ERC(medulla/cortex barrier)–> ERC (medulla/endothelial cell) –> CT compartment –> Endothelial cells
26
Q

Describe the positive and negative selection of thymocytes

A
  • All thymocytes enter thymus as CD3-, CD4-, CD8-
  • Positive selection occurs at the thymic cortex - thymocytes are all taught to express all three of the CDs
  • Negative selection occurs at the corticomedullary border - have to prove dedication to either CD4 or CD8 (be + for 1 of the 2) to enter the medulla
  • only immunocompetent cells are allowed access to PVS
27
Q

Describe Hassall’s Corpuscles

A
  • made of ERCs in particular conformation
  • only exist in medulla of thymus
  • identification of thymus by them
28
Q

Describe the Secondary Lymphatic Organs

A

1) Muscosa-Associated Lymphatic Tissue(MALT); includes GALT, BALT (lymphoid follicles); payers patches (M-cells) appendix
2) Tonsils - system of 3 in a ring around the GI system - reticulated epithelium - 1)palatine 2) lingual 3) pharyngeal
3) lymph nodes
4) Spleen (white pulp, splenic macrophages, splenic follicles)

29
Q

Tonsils

A
  • tonsils of Waldeyer’s Ring = Pharyengeal tonsil, Palantine tonsil, lingual tonsil
  • SSNK epithelium - discontinuous BM + deletion of a few desmosomes –> provides spaces for lymphocytes to invade and have access to lumenal contents (delta gamma lymphocytes)
  • reticulated epithelium of palatine tonsil = cells of epithelium made into reticular networks -much like thymic ERCs –> see lymphocytes there because of the organized lymphatic tissue sitting underneath the tonsils
30
Q

Lymphatic System

A
  • lymph consists of = extracellualr interstitial fluid from CT; immune cells (mostly, lymphocytes); antigens; lipids; macromolecules
  • Lymphatic vessels - originate in periphery + carry lymph from CT all over the body - through a system of lymph nodes back to venous CVS near heart
  • Lymphatic vessels sprout embryologically from walls of veins
31
Q

Lymph Node

A
  • afferent lymphatic into node pierces through the CT capsule
  • FXN is to allow contact between peripheral lymphocytes that have sen invaders can interact with naive lymphocytes of blood and recruit them
  • most of lymphocytes occurring there are from circulation
  • to exit node –> must cross back into lymphatic sinus and leave from medullar sinus through efferent lymphatics
32
Q 
Describe what is labeled by the following CD markers:
CD10
CD20
CD3
CD45
CD5
BCL6
KI67
A

CD10 - Cells in the germinal Center of lymphoid follicles undergoing clonal expansion - Plasma cells
CD20 - B-cells and plasma cells (not T-cells)
BCL6 - Plasma cells
KI67 - Labels proliferation (Plasma cells + some basal epithelium stem cells)

CD3 - T-lymphocytes (cells outside of lymphoid follicles)
CD5 - T-cells

CD45 - all lymphocytes are labeled

33
Q

Describe the reservoir FXN of lymphatic and other organs WRT monocytes and neutrophils

A
  • Monocytes - stored in spleen in white pulp - recruited from there following a MI
  • Neutrophil - proliferation occurs in marrow - storage occurs in lung because has a huge area of capillary walls and can afford to store a lot of them - neutrophils adhere to alveolar capillaries
34
Q

Describe the Thymus

A

= a primary lymphatic organ

  • where t-lymphocytes mature
  • sits in mediastinum (adventitia)
  • involutes with age (like in bone marrow)
35
Q

What are tonsils

A
  • site of lymphocyte exposure to foreign substances
36
Q

what are lymph nodes

A
  • region where “experienced peripheral lymphocytes are exposed to “naive” systemic ones
37
Q

what is the spleen

A
  • functions as lymphatic tissue for blood

- has most complicated structure (compared with thymus, tonsils, lymph nodes)

38
Q

Lymphocytes - birth place and site of maturation?

A
  • born in the marrow
  • eneter circulation at marrow sinuses (b-lymphocytes enter as “mature” cells ready to react with antigens - there initial cell development + specification is in the bone marrow)
  • compared with t cells ( born in bone marrow + briefly enter circulation –> sequestered to thymus to complete maturation)
39
Q

Describe the thymus

A
  • surrounded by capsule of CT
  • divided into lobes
  • each lobe has two parts
    1) outer portion = thymic cortex
    2) inner portion = thymic medulla
40
Q

Thymocyte

A

= immature lymphocyte that is acquiring t-cell receptors + ability to bind non-self MHC molecules
- once in immuno-compartment can only leave by passing into medulla and out through medullary circulation

41
Q

Epithelioreticular cells

A

= stromal cells of thymus

  • in both cortex + medulla
  • their cytoplasm is eosinophilic
42
Q

hassall’s corpuscles

A

= thymic corpuscles
- in thymic medulla (not cortex)
= sheets of squamous ERCs piled up like skin of onion

43
Q

6 types of ERCs that can be classed using antibody staining, location, and sublet details of morphology

A

I) LIning capsular/pervascular spaces of organ
II + III + IV) within the cortex
V, VI) within the medulla (type VI- contributes to hassal’s corpuscles)

44
Q

Lymphoid follicles

A
  • b-cells (antibody mediated immunity) - congregate in the middle of the follicles
  • lymphoid follicles contain germinal centers = evidence of clonal expansion
  • the t-cells (MHC-mediated immunity) sit outside the follicles
45
Q

Tonsils

A
  • have reticulated epithelium
    = ring of lymphatic material + associated overlying epithelia
  • surround opening of the pharynx
    -sit midline and are grossly symmetrical structures
  • most common = pharyngeal tonsils (=adenoids) + palatine tonsils
  • FXN: allow lymphocytes access to potential ingested foreign substances
  • have tonsilar crypts (folds of epithelium)
46
Q

Reticulated epithelium

A

= epithelium that lacks many desmosomal attachments

- allows CT cells to invade epithelial cell layers and into lumen of the tonsilar crypts

47
Q

Tonsilar crypts

A

= folds of tonsilar epithelium

- FXN = provide sampling of ingested food in close proximity + for extended period of time

48
Q

what histologic feature distinguishes the Palantine tonsil

A

= oral epithelium overlying it

49
Q

what histological feature distinguishes the Paryngeal tonsil

A

= respiratory epithelium lining it

50
Q

Intraepithelial lymphocyte

A

= lymphocyte seen histologically within an epithelial layer

- seen also in the ileum, gall bladder, epididymus, tonsils, among other places

51
Q

Describe lymph nodes

A
  • stromal tissue = a minor fraction of volume of the organ
    = places where lymphocytes from circulation can interact with those from periphery
  • are within CT spaces surrounded + separated by dense CT capsule
  • lymph enters via afferent lymphatic vessels + leaves through efferent lymphatic vessels
  • systemic circulation has the greatest volume circulation through the nodes
  • all lymphocytes must return to circulation through efferent lymphatics
52
Q

Describe both the anatomical and physiologist view of the divisions of the lymph nodes

A 
1) Anatomical
A) Cortex
- no blood vessels
- lymphoid follicles
B) paracortex
C) Medulla
2) Physiologist view
A) mesenchymal space
- cortex
- paracortex (clusters of T-cells)
- medullary cords (clusters of B-cells)
B) lymphatic circulation
-lymphatics
-medullary sinuses (open spaces)
C) systemic circulation
53
Q

where are Afferent lymphatics found

A

= lymphatics outside capsule or those traversing it

- branch into sub capsular sinuses

54
Q

where are Subcapsular sinuses found

A

= beneath the capsule

  • branch from the afferent lymphatics
  • branch into peritrabecular sinuses
55
Q

Where ar the peritrabecular sinuses found

A

= in the CT walls extending down from the capsule

56
Q

What is the marginal zone

A

= interface of red + white pulp

= the place where blood “leaves” systemic circulation

57
Q

What is red pulp

A
  • region that has a volume divided evenly between A) the mesenchymal space (=splenic cords)
    and
    B) vascular space (=splenic sinuses)
58
Q

Describe a trabecular artery

A

= artery running within the trabeculae

- surrounded by dense CT

59
Q

Describe the central artery

A
  • surrounded by white pulp –> known are the peri-arterial lymphatic sheath (PALS)
60
Q

Describe the trabecular vein

A
  • vein found within the trabeculae

- surrounded by dense CT

61
Q

List the open circulation route of the spleen

A

1) Splenic artery
- large artery supplying the spleen
2) Trabecular artery
- runs within the dense CT of the trabeculae
3) Central artery
- surrounded by white pulp (PALS)
4) Radial artery
- branch from central artery
- traverse the region of the PALs
5) Penicillar arteries
- smallest vessels of the arterial vascularization of the spleen
- exist within the marginal zone
6) sheathed capillaries
- surrounded by macrophages
- occur in the marginal zone
- blood leaves the endothelial lined spaces from these vessels
7) Splenic sinus
- blod returns to endothelial lined space through these
- take up large percentage of red pulp’s volume
8) trabecular vein
- found within the dense CT tabeculae
9) splenic vein
- large anatomical vein draining the spleen

COT - Exam 2 (28 decks)

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