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COT - Exam 2 > 14.3 - Reproductive Endocrinology > Flashcards

14.3 - Reproductive Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

Leydig Cells

A
  • in the male testes

- produce testosterone

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2
Q

Sertoli Cells

A
  • in male testes
  • produce 2 hormones
    1) Androgen-Binding Protein (ABP)
    2) Inhibin
    = resident cells of seminiferous (germinal) epithelium
  • FXN: to nurture, support, control spermatogenesis
  • divide the epithelial space into basal and luminal compartments via tight JXNs with each other
    –> contribute to the blood-testes barrier
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3
Q

Granulosa Cells

A
  • in female ovary
  • surrounding developing oocytes
  • produce estrogen
  • for short time after ovulation, with the theca cells, produce estrogen + progesterone
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4
Q

Theca Cells

A

= ovarian stromal cells

- produce estrogen and progesterone in conjunction with granulosa cells for a short period after ovulation

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5
Q

Placental Hormones

A
  • estrogens
  • progesterone
  • chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
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6
Q

Spermatogenesis

A
  • Stem cell = type A dense spermatogonia
  • mitotic divison produces: Type A dense, Type A pale, Type B pale spermatogonia
  • 1st division of meiosis –> primary spermatocytes
  • 2nd division of meiosis –> secondary spematocytes
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7
Q

Spermiogenesis

A

= after mitotic divisions, morphological differentiation of cells into final spermatocyte structure = spermatids (early and late)

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8
Q

Spermatozoa

A
  • singular = spermatozoan
  • after spermiation
  • are the cells that are released into the lumen
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9
Q

Residual Bodies

A

= membrane bound bags of excess cytoplasm

  • are shed at the end/after spermiation
  • at the same time the cell’s (spermatid’s) connections with each other are broken
  • accumulate in lumen of seminiferous epithelium
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10
Q

Oogonia

A
  • only undergo mitosis during embryonic life

- remain trapped in a stage prior to 1st meiotic division for majority of life

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11
Q

Primary Oocyte

A
  • oogonia in meiosis I
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12
Q

Secondary Oocyte

A

= ovulated cell

- the first meiotic division is completed just prior to ovulation

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13
Q

Ovum

A
  • fertilization triggers further development

- -> cell is then called ovum

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14
Q

Zygote

A

= term for genetically novel cell created why the male and female pronuclei combine to restore a diploid nucleus

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15
Q

Follicular Developmental Stages in Ovary

A

1) Primordial Follicles
2) Primary follicle
3) Preantral Follicle
4) antral follicle
5a) atretic follicle
5b) Graafian follicle

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16
Q

Primordial Follicles

A
  • -> consists mostly of oocyte surrounded by layer of squamous follicular cells and a basement membrane
  • this is the stage in which oocytes exist for most of their lifetime
  • exists from birth until start of follicular development at puberty
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17
Q

Primary follicles

A
  • follicles which have attained a receptivity for FSH
  • recognized by transformation of follicular cells to a cuboidal (or rounded) form = granulosa cells
  • zona pellucida is secreted around the oocyte
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18
Q

Granulosa cells

A

= transformation of the follicular cells from a squamous to a cuboidal (or rounded) form
- occurs in primary follicles stage

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19
Q

Zona pellucida

A

= glycoprotein coat

  • contains ZP-proteins –> important in sperm binding
  • secreted around the oocyte in the primary follicle stage
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20
Q

Pre-antral follicle

A
  • results from mitotic expansion of the granulosa cells

- granulosa cells secrete liquor folliculi which collects extracellularly –> eventually will form the antrum region

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21
Q

Antral Follicle

A
  • once the liquor folliculi secreted from the granulosa cells has sufficiently collected extracellularly to segregate from the granulosa cells - it forms the antrum region
  • these follicles are big enough and have a well-defined antrum
  • granulosa cells surrounding the antrum are organized into 3 regions:
    1) Mural cells
    2) Corona radiata
    3) Cumulus oophorus
  • development to this point takes 5-6 weeks
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22
Q

Mural Cells

A

= region of granulosa cells closest to the follicular basement membrane

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23
Q

Corona Radiata

A

= region fo granulosa cells surrounding the oocyte

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24
Q

Cumulus Oophors

A

= “cloud of the egg”

- region of granulosa cells bridging between the corona radiate and mural cells

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25
Q

Atretic follicles

A

= way that a majority of all follicles (regardless of stage) end their existence
- effectively undergoing a controlled death

26
Q

Graafian follicle

A

= any follicle selected for ovulation during a monthly cycle –> transforms into a macroscopic size

27
Q

Theca Intera Cells

A

= functionally specialized overaian stromal cells outside larger follicles
- sequester cholesterol for use by the granulosa cells in making estrogen

28
Q

Theca externa cells

A
  • adopta myofibroblast morphology

- aid the physical expulsion of the oocyte at ovulation

29
Q

Ovulation

A
  • corona radiata + liquor folliculi are expelled

- along with the secondary oocyte

30
Q

After ovulation

A
  • no longer have BM separating theca cells from granulosa cells
  • -> both cells adopt different morphology corresponding to altered availability of enzymes and precursors to both cell types
  • theca intern cells –> theca lutein cells
  • granulosa cells –> granulosa luetin cells
31
Q

Corpus Luteum

A

= “yellow body”
= steroid-secreting structure
- formed by theca lutein cells + granulosa lutein cells
- in the absence of pregnancy, (signaled by hCG) this structure resolves back to undifferentiated stromal tissue

32
Q

Corpus Albicans

A

= scar formed by unresolved tissue

33
Q

What is Spermatogenesis

A

= from spermatogonia to spermatozoa

  • meiotic division followed by differentiation
  • in humans is between 69-80 days for the total cycle
  • at any given point the entire cycle is happening at the same time in seminiferous epithelium
  • up to 5 generations may be represented
34
Q

What is spermiogenesis

A
  • morphologic differentiation (spermatid) through permeation
35
Q

What are Spermatogonia, and the different types of them

A

= germ cells (2n)

  • cells underling mitotic division
  • oval cells next to BM
  • three types of spermatogonia
    1) type A dense = true stem cell
    2) type A pale
    3) type B pale
  • pale indicated more euchromatic nucleus, and will be fewer in number
36
Q

What are Spermatocytes, and different types of them

A
  • when cells are undergoing meiosis
  • 2 types of spermatocytes (histologically indistinguishable without antibody staining)
    1) primary spermatocytes = in meiosis 1 (2n)
  • very recognizable because chromosomal material is in stages of meiotic division
  • cross from basal toward apical aspects of cells
  • cells before completion of meiosis I
  • located in basal (abluminal) compartment)
  • labeled with mini = mrine gene involved in regulation of transcription
    2) secondary spermatocytes = in meiosis 2 (n) (a very short lived stage - hard to find these cells)
  • before completion of meiosis II
  • adluminal compartment
37
Q

What are spermatids

A

= cells as they undergo morphological differentiation (n) –> change from round cell to mature sperm cells

  • 1st change in nucleus
  • develop flagella
  • loose lot of cytoplasm in structure call residual body
  • spermiogenesis is from here until spermiation (where the spermatids are released into lumen)
38
Q

Type A dense spermatogonia

A

= true stem cell

  • dense because nucleus is very heterochromatic
  • oval cells
  • right next to BM
  • elongated cells in the direction of BM
39
Q

Type A pale spermatogonia

A
  • cells that are mitotically active

- pale indicates more euchromatin in nucleus

40
Q

Tybe B pale spermatogonia

A
  • cells in their final mitotic divisions
  • are about to become spermatocytes
  • pale indicates more euchromatin in nucleus
41
Q

what are Sertoli Cells (include functions, important connections, morphology, freeze-fracture)

A
  • resident cell - connect with each other via tight junctions
    –> effectively creates basal + lumenal compartment in epithelium
  • 2 compartments separate self from non-self MHCs
  • connect with developing germ cells via gap junctions = mechanism for regulating germ cell development
  • morphology = highly euchromatic nucleus, ovoid, elongated along radial direction from epithelium (LM); see tight junctions (EM)
  • freeze fracture:
    E-face) shows sertoli-sertoli cell tight junctions
    P-face) shows sertoli-germ cell gap junctions
42
Q

What occurs In the Spermatid stage

A
  • spermatid undergoes morphological changes = process called spermiogenesis
  • spermiogenesis = process of morphological differentiation that occurs in spermatid phase
  • begins with formation of acrosomal cap around nucleus
  • acrosome cap forces neckless into oval then later into a pear shape as the acrosome is developed
  • intracellualr organelles (mitochondria + microtubules (Manchette)) are developed
  • flagella is developed and the residual body is shed
43
Q

Manchette Microtubules

A
  • function is to aid in squeezing spermatid cell down into shape expected of a mature spermatid
44
Q

What are 4 phases of spermatogenesis and key features of each

A

1) Golgi Phase
- golgi, mitochondria, acrosomal vesicle, centriole
2) Cap Phase
- developing axonemal complex
- acrosomal cap forms –> forces nucleus into oval shape
3) Acrosome phase
- acrosome forces nucleus from oval to pear shape
- manchette microtubules begin to function
4) Maturation Phase
- flagellar tail is developed
- residual body is being shed

45
Q

Regions of spermatid body

A
  • head region - contains acrosomal cap. nucleus, manchette microtubules
  • neck region - location where residual body is shed
  • middle piece –> annulu –> principal piece (end tail)
46
Q

2 types of spermatids

A

1) Early spermatid
- round to oval nuclei
2) Late spematid
- pointed nuclei
- long flagellar tail

47
Q

describe the Germ cell connections in males

A
  • developing cells remain physically connected to each other until loss of residual bodies
  • functions to maintain waves of developing germ cells (why they all appear in similar stages)
  • germ cells are connected via gap junctions with sertoli cells
48
Q

What is spermiation

A

= final stage of spermiogeneiss
= process of release of spermatid by sertoli cell
- spermatozoon (spermatozoa) = cells that are free in lumen
= “sperm”

49
Q

why did he mention orchitis in the video?

A
  • from mumps
  • sertoli cells keeps immune system cells present in infection response from entering apical compartment
  • -> kept in basal compartment to prevent immune reaction with sperm
50
Q

Describe the final stage of sperm development

A
  • sperm acquire a glycoprotein coat in epididymis
  • -> important for passing through female reproductive tract
  • capacitation occurs later = process where this coat is later removed by contact with cilia in female reproductive tract –> necessary for sperm adhesion to occur
51
Q

Describe the full maturation of sperm WRT to capacitation and motility

A
  • full motility is conferred by prostatic fluid at ejaculation
  • fructose from seminal vesicles provides energy for motility
  • capacitation - occurs in female genital tract
    = removal of glycoprotein coat acquired in epididymis
  • allows spermatozoa (which can survive in female tract for up to 5 days) to bind sperm receptors in zone pellucida
52
Q

Unilaminar primary follicle

A

= beginning of follicular development

  • under hormonal control
  • occurs after puberty
  • oocyte enlarges and matures
  • characterized by change of follicular cells squamous to cuboidal shape –> called granulosa cells
53
Q

Multilaminar primary follicle

A

= granulosa cells start to divide and are present in multiple layers

  • stromal cells form theca follicle
  • oocyte secretes zona pellucida (dark eosinophilic structure)
  • oocyte + granulosa cells remain connected via gap junctions
  • BM excludes blood vessels, Mural granulosa cells = cells next to BM
54
Q

Early secondary follicle

A

= defined by presence of fluid filled space among granulosa cells = antrum - filled with liquor folliculi

  • theca folliculi comprised of
    1) theca interna
  • steroidogenic
  • secrete estrogen precursors
    2) theca extern
  • contains fibroblast + smooth muscle
  • granulosa cells –> convert the estrogen precursors to estrogens
  • secondary follicles form the follicular pool
55
Q

Selectable pool

A
  • in a ny month there is a selectable pool of follicles = cell that are responsive to gonadotropins (20-30 at any given time)
  • once per month a selected follicle will be the follicle that is chosen to become graafian follicle (is the most fully responsive to gonadotropins)
56
Q

Late secondary/graafian follicle

A
  • novel expression of LH receptors on theca intern cells + FSH receptors on granulosa cells
  • -> allow secondary follicle to be “selected” for ovulation
  • selected follicle grows v. large over the course of one follicular phase (1mm–>2cm), 10 days prior to ovulation
  • 3 divisions of granulosa cells are present
    1) Mural granulosa cells
    2) Cumulus oophorus
    3) Corona Radiata
57
Q

Describe the 3 divisions of granulosa cells

A

1) Mural granulosa cells
- against the BM
2) Cumulus Oophrous
- pad (“cloud”) of granulosa cells
- where oocyte rests + is suspended in antrum
3) Corona radiata
- granulosa cells directly surrounding the oocyte
- at ovulation these cells are expelled with oocyte and go with it down the female reproductive tract

58
Q

Morphology of the stromal cells of follicle

A

1) Theca interna
- puffy cholesterol containing cells
2) Theca externa
- myeloid looking cells
- layer is in part responsible for squeezing out oocyte at time of ovulation

59
Q

Describe how steroidogenesis is critically affected by presence of follicular BM and the changes that occur when it is broken down

A
  • Theca intern cells produce a steroid precursor from cholesterol –> pass to the granulosa cells across the BM
  • the precursor = androstenedione –> it can cross BM and get to granulosa cell to be made into estrogen
  • circulating estrogen levels correlate with # of granulosa cells present
  • after ovulation - no longer have the BM
  • -> theca lutein + granulosa lutein cells collaborate to produce both the steroid hormones present in that phase (estrogen + progesterone)
  • -> theca intern cells go from puffy to normal = theca lutein cells
  • -> granulosa cells go from normal to puffy = granulosa lutein cells
60
Q

What are the corresponding “Safe” terms for the stages of follicle maturation

A
  • unilaminar Primary follicle = primary follicle
  • multilaminar primary follicle = pre-antral follicle
  • secondary follicle = antral follicle
  • Graafian (tertiary) follicle = Graafian follicle

COT - Exam 2 (28 decks)

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