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COT - Exam 2 > 9.1 - Respiratory System > Flashcards

9.1 - Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Conducting Portion

A

= air passages that lead to the sites of respiration with the lung (where gas exchange takes place)

FXN: conditions the air that is traveling within these passages

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2
Q

Respiratory Portion

A

= portion of the respiratory tract in which gas exchange takes place

includes:

  • respiratory bronchioles
  • alveolar ducts
  • alveolar sacs
  • alveoli
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3
Q

Ciliated Cells

A

= tall columnar cells with approximately 250 cilia each

FXN: to sweep the mucous coat from the level of the bronchioles to the upper respiratory tract

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4
Q

Mucous Cells

A
  • similar to intestinal goblet cells
  • found interspersed among the ciliated cells

morphology: have large mucinogen granules in their cytoplasm

FXN: synthesize and secrete mucous from the nasal cavity to the level of the most distal bronchi

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5
Q

Brush Cells

A

= columnar shaped cells with blunt microvilli on the apical aspect
- brush cells are often associated with a sensory receptor
FNX: is thus a general sensory role in the respiratory epithelium

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6
Q

Small Granule Cells

A
  • contain secretory granules
  • considered to be part of the enteroendocrine cells of the gut + gut derivatives
  • can occur singly or in groups
  • when found in groups, are often associated with a sensory receptor –> called neuroepithelial cells
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7
Q

Basal Cell

A

= stem cell that serves as a reserve population that maintains cell replacement of the epithelium from
nasal cavity –> distal bronchi

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8
Q

Mucociliary escalator

A

= coordinated movement of mucous by the ciliated cells of the respiratory tract

  • movement is from distal to proximal
  • movement is considered an important protective mechanism in the lung
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9
Q

Bronchus Associated Lymphatic Tissue (BALT)

A

= cellular region located in the lamina propria of the respiratory tract

  • is considered lymphatic tissue
  • includes cells: lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils
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10
Q

Trachea

A

= short, flexible air tube that serves as a conduit for air

  • has c-shaped rings that maintain the potency of the airway
  • originates at larynx –> extends down neck region to the thorax –> divides into 2 primary bronchi
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11
Q

Bronchus

A

= air passage that divides into lobar and segmental branches
- conducts air to the distal lung

Morphology: bronchi can be identified by cartilage plates and a layer of smooth muscle

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12
Q

Terminal Bronchioles

A

= smallest of conducting bronchioles

  • lead to the respiratory zone
  • lines by ciliated cells + clara cells
  • Gas exchange does NOT take place at the level of the terminal bronchiole
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13
Q

Respiratory Bronchioles

A

= constitute a transitional zone in the respiratory system

  • are involved in conducting air and gas exchange
  • along the walls contain thin walled out-pocketings = alveoli
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14
Q

Clara Cells

A

FXN:

  • Secrete surface-active agent
  • stem cells that maintain bronchiole epithelium

Morphology
= non-ciliated cells
= dome-shaped apical aspect that projects into lumen of the bronchiole

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15
Q

Alveoli

A

= terminal air spaces of the respiratory system

  • stie of gas exchange between air and blood
  • each alveolus is surrounded by a capillary network
  • surface is lined by Type I and Type II pneumocytes
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16
Q

Type I pneumocytes

A

= Type I alveolar cells
FXN: gas exchange typically takes place across the type I pneumocyte

Morphology: extremely thin squamous cells joined together by tight junctions

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17
Q

Type II pneumocytes

A

= Type II alveolar cells
= Septal cells
FXN
- secretory cell responsible for the synthesis and realse of the surface active agent, surfactant
- stem cell for both Type I and Type II pneumocytes

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18
Q

Alveolar Septum

A

= wall that lies between two neighboring alveoli

  • lined by cells and connective tissue
  • thin wall surrounding passageways
  • very small structure - hard to see even in EM
  • Typically divided into thick and thin parts

Thick Part contains:
- fibroblasts, macrophages, eosinophils + ECM

Thinnest part:
- air-blood barrier

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19
Q

Air-Blood Barrier

A
  • found at the thinnest part of the alveolar septum
  • consists of (lumen–>blood):
    a thin layer of surfactant, type I epithelial cells (pneumocyte), fused basal lamina of the type I pneumocyte and capillary endothelial cell, capillary endothelial cell
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20
Q

Alveolar Macrophages

A
  • Found in both CT and air-space - can migrate across epithelium - mostly crawl along surface of epithelial lumen
  • is the resident macrophage of respiratory system
  • functions to remove inhaled particles + keep surface of surfactant area clear of debris
    EM morphology: see inclusions (more with a smoker)
    LM morphology: typically see clear/dark/black material in inclusions
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21
Q

Alveolar pores

A

= openings in the alveolar septum

- allow for collateral air circulation between alveoli

22
Q

Pulmonar Circulation

A
  • supplies the capillaries of the alveolar septum and arises from the pulmonary trunk that leaves the RV for the heart
23
Q

Bronchial Circulation

A
  • Arises from the branches of the aorta
  • bronchial arteries provide oxygenated blood to the tissues of the lung including: pleura, CT (except alveolar wall septum), walls of the bronchi and bronchioles
24
Q

During the 4th week of development body folding gives rise to fore/mid/hindgut. What structures does the foregut region of the gut tube give rise to?

A
  • pharynx
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • superior duodenum
25
Q

What day of development does the lung bud appear and from where?

A
  • the foregut (endoderm) gives rise to a ventral evagination –> called the respiratorydiverticulum also known as the lung bud
  • this occurs on day 22 of development
26
Q

True/False. As the lung bud grows into the developing pleural cavities it remains covered by splanchnic mesoderm.

A

True

27
Q

Which of the three embryonic layers derives the internal lining (epithelium) of the respiratory system (distal to the pharynx).

A
  • the endoderm
28
Q

From which embryonic developmental layer (be specific) are the cartilage, muscle, vascular, and CT components derived?

A
  • the splanchnic mesoderm.
29
Q

What is Hyaline Membrane disease? What is another name for it? What are the effects of the disease?

A
  • occurs due to insufficient surfactant production.
  • named for its histological appearance
  • equivalent to respiratory distress syndrome
  • lack of surfactant prevents normal FXN in developing type I pneumocytes –> they become necrotic and leave their residue along the air-blood interface - further preventing lung FXN
30
Q

What is Fibrosis?

A
  • CT scarring that occurs due to insults to the lung

- limits the capability of affected alveoli to develop

31
Q

What is bronchopulmonary dysplasia?

A
  • alternate patterns of fibrosis and alveolar hyperplasia

- evident of a lung that has adapted to focal loss of function

32
Q

What are the three layers of the wall of the trachea?

A

1) Muscosa
2) Submucosal Layer
3) Adventitial Layer

33
Q

Describe the mucosa of the wall of the trachea

A
  • pseudostratified epithelium

- rich elastic lamina propria

34
Q

Describe the submucosal layer of the wall of the trachea

A
  • contains submucosal glands –> “tracheal seromuscous glands” - also called tracheal submucosal glands
35
Q

Describe the adventitial layer of the wall of the trachea

A
  • binds trachea to adjacent structures
  • has C-shaped cartilage rings
  • trachealis muscle spans between the ends of the c-shaped rings
36
Q

What is the tracheal is muscle

A
  • spans between the ends of the c-shaped rings of cartilage in the trachea
37
Q

What are the five cell types of the respiratory epithelium? (In the order of most prominent to least prominent)

A

1) Ciliated Cells - principle cell type
2) Mucous Cells - principle cell type
3) Basal Cells - principle cell type
4) Brush Cells - minor cell type (present in small #s)
5) Small Granule Cells - minor cell type (present in small #s and only viewable with specific stain)

38
Q

Describe the ciliated cells of the respiratory epithelium

A
  • most numerous type
  • extend from the BM–>Lumen
  • each has ~250 cilia
  • FXN: beat in one direction to push mucous upward
39
Q

Describe the mucous cells of the respiratory epithelium

A
  • almost as common as ciliated cells
  • similar to goblet cells of the intestine
  • extend from BM–>Lumen
  • mucous typically is washed out in H&E
  • work with ciliated cells to move particles from air
40
Q

Describe the basal cells of the respiratory epithelium

A
  • stem cell of all tracheal epithelium
  • short cells
  • nuclei: prominent + near level of BM
41
Q

Describe the Brush cells of the respiratory epithelium

A
  • columnar cells with microvilli
  • extend form BM–>Lumen
  • basal surface in contact with sensory nerve ending
    = also called receptor cells due to their general sensory role
42
Q

Describe the small granule cells of the respiratory epithelium

A
  • hard to see without a special stain
  • have role in lung development
  • store hormones in membrane bound granules
  • associated with nerve fibers
  • may have role in regulating diameter of airway
43
Q

Surfactant

A
  • reduces surface tension and facilitates the movement of air into cells
  • looks like a fuzzy line on airway lumenal side
  • made by Type II pneumocyte
44
Q

Describe the Organization of the alveolar septum (from the airway lumen to blood)

A
  • Surfactant
  • Alveolar macrophage
  • Alveolar epithelium
  • Basement membrane
  • CT –> Elastic fibers + smooth muscle + dust cells
  • Basement membrane
  • Endothelium
45
Q

Describe the alveolar epithelium

A
  • made up by type I pneumocytes (mostly), which are jointed together by tight JXNs and occluding JXNs
  • Also contains type II pneumocytes
  • simple squamous epithelum
46
Q

Describe the elastic fiber component of the CT in the alveolar septum and respiratory system

A
  • surrounds larger blood vessels (pulmonary circulation)
  • found at tips of septa - to regulate opening of alveolar sac
  • essentially absent in the alveolar septa
47
Q

Describe the Smooth Muscle component of the CT in the alveolar septum and respiratory system

A
  • Colocalizes with elastin

- will not see it with majority of alveolar septa

48
Q

Describe the Dust Cell component of the CT in the alveolar septum and respiratory system

A
  • alveolar macrophages accumulate and move to the CT in larger airways when life span is finished
  • often will see ingested particles inside them
  • they can remain there throughout the life of the person
49
Q

Describe Type II Pneumocytes

A
  • rounder/less squamous cell than the type I pneumocytes
  • tends to sit at the corners of where alveolar septa come together (because it is hardest to have a thin layer there and thus have gas exchange)
  • recognizable by intracellular structures called LAMELLAR BODIES - showing surfactant is being produced
50
Q

Describe the morphology of Type II pneumocytes in EM and LM

A

EM:

  • lamellar bodies with characteristic appearance (lines across them)
  • lamellar body extravation produces swirling characteristic appearance

LM:

  • see rounder cells with clear dots - representing lamellar bodies
  • open nucleus
  • look similar to macrophage but use location to recognize them in LM

COT - Exam 2 (28 decks)

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