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COT - Exam 2 > 9.3 - Circulatory System > Flashcards

9.3 - Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

Portal System

A
  • systemic circulation modified so that a vein or arteriole is interposed between 2 capillary beds
    ex. hepatic portal system
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2
Q

Pericardium

A
  • sac covering the heart and proximal great vessels

- formed by a fibrous pericardium (dense CT) and a serous pericardium (parietal and visceral)

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3
Q

Epicardium

A

= visceral layer of serous pericardium
= visceral pericardium
- adheres to outer surface of the heart
- formed by single layer of mesothelial cells and underlying CT
- Subendocardial layer consists of loose CT + adipocytes - contains blood vessels and nerves

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4
Q

Parietal layer of serous pericardium

A
  • lines the inner layer of the fibrous pericardium
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5
Q

Pericardial cavity

A
  • potential space between the visceral and parietal pericardium
  • contains a small amount of serous pericardial fluid (15-50ml)
  • space is completely lined by mesothelial cells
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6
Q

Myocardium

A

= cardiac muscle layer of the heart (principle component of the heart)

  • consists of cardiac muscle cells
  • myocardium of atria is significantly thing that that of the ventricles
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7
Q

Endocardium

A
  • the inner layer of the chart formed by endothelium and subendothelial CT
  • lines the lumen of heart
  • the subendocardial layer if continuous with the myocardium - and is location of conducting system of the heart
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8
Q

Endothelium

A
  • lines the entire cardiovascular system including lymphathic vessels
  • is formed by a layer of flattened + elongated nuclei with long axis oriented in the direction of blood flow
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9
Q

Interventricular Septum (IV septum)

A
  • wall between RV and LV

- formed primarily by cardiac muscle (muscular septum) + small area of CT (membranous septum)

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10
Q

Interatrial septum

A
  • wall formed between the left and right atria is thinner than the inter ventricular septum
  • formed by cardiac muscle except for the small region called fossa ovalis (fetal remnant of CT)
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11
Q

What part of the interatrial septum is not formed by cardiac muscle and what is it represent

A
  • small region called fossa ovals

- is a fetal remnant of CT

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12
Q

Tunica Intima

A

= innermost layer of blood vessel wall

- consists of endothelium + basal lamina of the endothelial cells + subendothelial layer of loose CT

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13
Q

Internal elastic membrane

A
  • found in the sub endothelial CT of arteries, arterioles, and large veins
  • fenestrated elastic material
  • allows substances to diffuse rapidly through the layer to reach distal cells and tissues of the vessel
  • separates tunica intima from tunica media in muscular arteries, arterioles, some large veins
  • looks like pale staining stripe below endothelium
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14
Q

Tunica media

A

= middle layer of a vessel wall with

  • contains circumferentially oriented layers of smooth muscle, their contraction and dilation affect BP
  • All extracellular components of the TM (fibers + GS) are produced by smooth muscle cells (there are no fibroblasts in this layer)
  • undergoes the most extensive modifications to allow each vessel to carryout specified FXNS

In elastic arteries:
- sheet or lamellae of elastin are fenestrated and arranged in concentric layers

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15
Q

External Elastic Membrane

A

= layer of elastin that separates the tunica media from the tunica adventitia
- found only in large and medium sized arteries

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16
Q

Tunica Adventitia

A

= outermost CT layer

  • composed primarily of type I collagen fibers with few elastic fibers
  • also find fibroblasts here that make up cells + ECM of the tunica adventitia
  • CT layer that merges with the CT (stroma) surrounding the vessels and organs within the area
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17
Q

Vasavasorum + Nervi Vascularis

A

= system of blood vessels and nerves found in the tunica adventitia that nourish and innervate the blood vessel wall
- provide nourishment and innervation to vessel wall layers

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18
Q

Elastic Arteries

A

= conduction tubes

  • facilitate blood flow from the ventricles of the heart to the distal vessels
  • tunica media –> has elastin in the form of fenestrated sheets/lamellae found between muscle cell layers
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19
Q

Muscular Arteries

A

= distributing tubes

- Have more muscle + less elastin in the tunica media than elastic arteries do

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20
Q

Arterioles

A

= smallest artery

  • 1-3 layers of smooth muscle in the tunica media
  • control blood flow to the capillary beds
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21
Q

Precapillary sphincter

A
  • slight thickening of the smooth muscle of the arteriole at the level of the capillary bed
  • allows regulation of blood flow to the specific network of capillaries
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22
Q

Continuous capillaries

A
  • a typically continuous capillary has occluding JXNs and pinocytotic vesicles
  • typically found in the
    Lung
    Placenta
    Muscle
    CNS
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23
Q

Fenestrated capillaries

A
  • allow for fluid and metabolite absorption
  • fenestrations are typically 80-100nm in diameter
  • some fenestrations have a thin diaphragm across the opening
  • typically found in
    Endocrine glands
    Kidney
    Gallbladder
    Intestinal Tract
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24
Q

Sinusoidal (discontinuous) capillaries

A 
= large and irregular shaped capillaries
- have many gaps, fenestrations
- have discontinuous basal lamina
- found in
Liver
Spleen
Bone Marrow
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25
Q

Pericyte

A

= undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cell
- found surrounding the capillary, enclose in the BM
= Contractile cells that support endothelial cells
- can differentiate into endothelial cells or smooth muscle cells when needed

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26
Q

Venule

A

= collect blood from capillary beds
- Post-capillary venules: have only endothelial lining and basal lamina
Post-capillary venules: can be distinguished from capillaries based on diameter (larger than capillary)
- Venules distal to post-capillary venule –> being to form a tunica media

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27
Q

Vein

A
  • blood enters veins from the venues under low pressure
  • blood carried towards the heart
  • Tunica adventitia of veins is typically thicker than the tunica media
28
Q

Vein Valves

A
  • found in most veins
    = paired semilunar folds of the tunica intima that project across part of the lumen
  • rich in elastic fibers
  • help keep the flow of venous blood directly toward the heart
29
Q

Lymphatic Vessels

A
  • originate in the tissues of the body as thin, blind ended vessels with singular layer of endothelium + often incomplete basal lamina
  • collect excess interstitial fluid from tissue spaces + return it to the right side of the heart
30
Q

True/False. The circulatory system is the first functioning system in the developing embryo and the heart is the first functional organ

A

True.

31
Q

What day does the heart begin to beat

A

day 22

32
Q

what day does the heart start pumping blood through the developing cardiovascular system

A

day 24

33
Q

Where do migrating heart cells originate and where do they migrate to

A
  • originate in epiblast - migrate through primitive streak and form two groups migrating laterally between endoderm and ectoderm
  • migrate towards cranial aspect of embryonic disc and position themselves rostral to the oropharengeal membrane in the splanchnic layer of lateral mesoderm –> form the cardiac crescent
34
Q

What does the cardiac crescent represent, how is it formed and what forms there

A
  • Formed from the migrating mesodermal cells positioned rostral to the oropharyngeal membrane in the Splanchnic LPM
  • blood island appear in the crescent and will form blood cells + vessels
  • cells in the crescent constitute the primary heart field
35
Q

What does the primordial heart tube consist of

A
  • Inner endothelium (lining the lumen)
  • surrounded by splanchnic mesoderm (myocardium)
  • those two layers are separated by layer of cardiac jelly
  • the heart tube is suspended in the pericardial cavity by the dorsal mesocardium
36
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart tube

A

1) Endocardium
2) Myocardium
3) Epicardium/visceral Pericardium (the last to form)

37
Q

What is the common atrioventricular canal?

A
  • separates the primitive common atrium from the primitive ventricle
  • is divided into right and left atrioventricular canal with valves to promote one-way flow of blood through chambers –> by the end of 4th week
38
Q

What are the five dilations (embryonic structures) occurring along the heart tube that will give rise to adult structures of the heart

A

1) Truncus Arteriosus
2) Bulbus Cordis
3) Primitive Ventricle
4) Primitive Atrium
5) Sinus Venosus

39
Q

What is the adult derivatives of the Truncus Arteriosus and what does it represent WRT the heart tube

A
  • proximal portion of the aorta
  • pulmonary trunk
    = the arterial end of the heart tube
40
Q

What is the adult derivatives of the Bulbus Cordis

A 
Proximal Region:
- trabeculated part of RV
Distal region = conus cordis)
- conus arteriosus
- aortic vestibule
41
Q

What is the adult derivatives of the Primitive Ventricle

A
  • trabeculated part of the LV
42
Q

What is the adult derivatives of the Primitve Atrium

A
  • Trabeculated part of LA and RA
43
Q

What is the adult derivatives of the Sinus Venosus and what does it represent WRT the heart tube

A
  • smooth part of the RA
  • Coronary Sinus
  • Oblique vein of the LA
    = the venous ends of the heart tube
44
Q

What are the names of the arterial and venous ends of the heart tube and how are they anchored

A

Arterial end = Truncus Arteriosus
- anchored by pharyngeal arches
Venous end = Sinus Venosus
- anchored by septum transversum

45
Q

When the dorsal mesocardium degenerates what is formed, what does it do, and why is it important (what process starts)

A
  • transverse pericardial sinus
  • connects both sides of the pericardial cavity
  • tube is then somewhat free in the pericardial cavity and begins to grow and bend to the right in process called cardiac looping
46
Q

What is cardiac looping, what changes occur, and what is the result

A
  • Cranial portion of the tube bends ventrally/caudally and to the right
  • Caudal portion bends dorsally, cranially and to the left
  • process results in the heart assuming the correct anatomical position in the thoracic cavity –> sets stage for formation of chambers in heart (Septation of the heart) + arterial trunks
47
Q

T/F. Layers of each part of circulatory vessel system are specialized modified based on function.
If true, which vessel layer has most modifications. If false, are the specializations based on adult location or embryologic origin and how are they divided

A

True.

Tunica media undergoes the most extensive modifications to allow each vessel to carry out its specific function.

48
Q

What comprises the overall structure of vessel walls, in order of inner most to outermost (include any metabolically relevant support structures)

A

1) Tunica Intima
2) Tunica Medica
3) Tunica Adventitia
Vasovasorum + nervi vascularis - provide nourishment and innervation to layers

49
Q

Compare differences and Similarities of a medium sized artery and medium sized vein WRT the organization of the vessel walls

A

1) Both have tunica intima containing endothelial cells and a subendothelial layer
2) Only the artery will contain an Internal Elastic Lamina
3) Both vessels will contain a tunica media (but the layer will be thinner in the vein compared to the arteries)
4) The external elastic lamina (fenestrated) will be only in the artery
5) Both have a tunica adventitia containing CT and fibroblasts
- the Vein will have some longitudinal muscle present in the TA
- the TA of the vein will be thicker than the tunica media of veins and the tunica adventitia of comparable arteries

50
Q

Name the four important cells and/or tissues of BV walls (per video 9.3.1)

A

1) Epithelium = endothelium
2) Smooth muscle cells (external lamina)
3) Collage fibers
4) Elastic material - parallel layers in large arteries

51
Q

The lateral plate mesoderm (LPM) at the end of the third week is involved in body cavity formation, what structures does the parietal/somatic LPM gives rise to and where is it located during the 3rd week of development

A
  • located adjacent to ectoderm
  • gives rise to body wall
  • cells become mesothelial cells forming the parietal layer of serous layer lining the:
    peritoneal cavity
    pleural cavity
    pericardial cavity
52
Q

The lateral plate mesoderm (LPM) at the end of the third week is involved in body cavity formation, what structures does the splanchnic/visceral LPM gives rise to and where is it located during the 3rd week of development

A
  • located adjacent to endoderm
  • gives rise to gut wall
  • cells become mesothelial cells forming the serous layer lining organs of:
    Abdominal cavity
    Heart
    Lung
53
Q

After body folding what adult cavities are formed and from what embryonic layer (be specific)

A
  • LPM forms the body cavities during body folding at the end of week 3
    1) Pleural cavity
    2) pericardial cavity
    3) peritoneal cavity
54
Q

What is the potential space formed during folding at the end of week 3 by the LPM

A

= cavity between the lining mesothelium of visceral and parietal layers

  • typically contain only a small amount of serous fluid
  • called the pericardial space
  • allows for relatively uninhibited/frictionless movement of heart
55
Q

What is the pericardium

A
  • fibrous serous sac surrounding heart + root of great vessels
  • contains three layers
    1) Fibrous Pericardium
    2) Parietal layer of serous pericardium
  • 1+2 form the pericardial sac
    3) Visceral layer of serous pericardium
56
Q

Describe the Fibrous pericardium

A

= tough CT layer

- continuous at great vessels (aorta + pulmonary trunk)

57
Q

Describe the parietal layer of serous pericardium

A
  • lines inner surface of fibrous pericardium
58
Q

Describe the visceral layer of serous pericardium

A

= the epicardium

- forms the outer most wall of the heart

59
Q

List the layers of the heart from innermost to outermost

A

1) Endocardium
2) Myocardium
3) Epicardium = visceral layer of serous pericardium=visceral pericardium (mesothelial cells + CT = Serosa)
4) Pericardial cavity - separates visceral from parietal periacrdium
5) Parietal layer of serous pericardium = parietal pericardium (mesothelial cells + CT)
6) Fibrous Pericardium - dense thick CT

60
Q

What are the 2 coronary arteries from the ascending aorta and what is their collective FXN?

A
  • right coronary artery and left coronary artery
    FXN:
  • supply muscles + other tissues of the heart with blood
61
Q

Describe the Right coronary artery

A
  • has branches that supply:
    RA, RV, and portion of the LV
    SA and AV nodes of cardiac conducting system
62
Q

Describe the Left coronary artery

A
  • divides into 2 branches
    1) Circumflex artery
    –> goes to back of heart
    2) Anterior interventricular branch
    = left anterior descending artery (LAD artery)
63
Q

Describe the cardiac conducting system’s order of excitation

A 
- allows heart to initiate beat and control regular rhythm 
Order of excitation:
1) SA node - in RA --> RA contraction
2) AV node - in AV stepum = beg of conducting tissue= AV bundle (cont. of AV node) - follows along IV septum and splits into L and R branches
3a) Right Bundle Branch
3b) Left Bundle Branch
4) Purkinje Fibers
5) Ventricles
64
Q

Describe the Right bundle branch

A
  • branches continuous with purkinje fibers

- Right side of IV septum towards apex of RV

65
Q

Describe the left bundle branch

A
  • to left apex of heart

- gives off branches that are continuous with purkinje fibers

66
Q

Describe the purkinje fibers

A

= subendocardial plexus of conduction cells
= modified cardiac conducting cells
- have GAP JXNs
- large in size and cluster in groups
- regulate HR by converying impulses to neighboring cardiac muscle cells
Staining:
- paler cooler than myocytes because they contain less fibrils

67
Q

What is a Mallory Trichrome Stain

A

CT= blue
Muscle = red
- subendocardial layer –> appear blue and has purkinje fibers (pale staining cells containing washed out glycogen)

COT - Exam 2 (28 decks)

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