9.3 - 9.5 Notes Flashcards
the amount of open space in soil (pore space)
porosity
the more cement between the particles the more or less pore space?
less pore space (porosity)
well sorted particles have more or less pore space (porosity) than unsorted soils
more pore space (porosity)
bedrock with more fractures or cracks has ____ pores than bedrock without many cracks
more
porosity is not affected by what
particle size
equal volumes of sorted sediment have
equal pore space
the ability of water to flow through a soil
permeability
the inability of water to flow
impermeable
permeability depends on
soil composition
more permeable, water flows easily from space to space, are what size particles
large particles
less permeable, it’s hard for water to find a path through the soil, are what sized particles
small particles
more permeable, plenty of open spaces that connect to each other are sorted or unsorted particles
sorted particles
less permeable, small particles fill up the spaces leaving little room for water to move are sorted or unsorted particles
unsorted particles
the amount, availability, and movement of groundwater depends largely on
permeability and porosity
as water permeates soil, some water molecules get stuck on the sediments and do not flow through. This is known as
retention
the ability of water to rise in small openings
capillarity
sorted large sediments and sorted small sediments have the same or different porosity
the same porosity
sorted particles have a higher or lower permeability
higher
does particle size affect porosity
no
as particle increases does permeability increase or decrease
it increases
the movement of water upward against gravity in small spaces
capillarity
sediments with smaller or larger spaces have more capillarity
smaller
porosity indicates
how much space is between the sediments
the seeping in of water into the soil to become groundwater
inflitration
the moving of liquid water on the surface of Earth
runoff
infiltration and runoff are
opposites
water that does not infiltrate the soil will
runoff into a larger body of water
as gradient decreases infiltration
increases
on a gentle slope there is
high infiltration low runoff
on a steep slope there is
low infiltration high runoff
infiltration and gradient have a
indirect relationship
gradient and runoff have a
direct relationship
as particle size increases the rate of infiltration
increases
large particles more or less infiltration
more infiltration
small particles more or less infiltration
less infiltration
infiltration and soil size have a
direct relationship
soil size and runoff have a
indirect relationship
as particles go from unsorted to sorted the rate of infiltration
increases
sorted has more
infiltration
unsorted has more
runoff
infiltration and sorting have a
direct relationship
runoff and sorting have a
indirect relationship
increased precipitation leads to increased
runoff (puddles)
less rain leads to more
infiltration
rate of precipitation and infiltration have a
indirect relationship
runoff and the rate of precipitation have a
direct relationship
as plant life increases runoff
decreases
lots of plants means more
infiltration
very few plants mean more
runoff
amount of vegetation and infiltration have a
direct relationship
amount of vegetation and runoff have a
indirect relationship
water travelling down on top of the land in rivers and streams
runoff
what soils are full of water
saturated
what increases when the surface is impermeable
runoff
when the soils are saturated they don’t allow water to enter which means
high runoff and low infiltration
water that soaks into the soil
infiltration
in order for infiltration to occur the ground needs to be
unsaturated and permeable
if the rate of precipitation is greater than the rate of infiltration then
runoff will occur
frozen surfaces don’t allow water to enter which means
low infiltration and high runoff
steep surfaces don’t allow water to enter easily which means
low infiltration and high runoff
permeable soils have
higher infiltration and low runoff
paved parking lots are not permeable which means
low infiltration and high runoff
fields and forests have lots of vegetation and allow water to enter the soil which means
high infiltration and low runoff
pore space contains mostly ait
zone of aeration
pore space contains mostly water
zone of saturation
the water within the zone of saturation and moves through pore spaces
groundwater
the groundwater moves more slowly when the pore spaces are
smaller
permeable rock layers or sediments that transmit groundwater freely
aquifer
form when the water table intersects the ground surface
springs
water is heated by the cooling of igneous rock
hot springs
a fountain of water and steam which shoots up from the ground
geysers
a hole into the zone of saturation
well
when groundwater rises on its own under pressure
artesian well
what causes a drawdown (lowering) of the water table
pumping
what can pumping form
a cone of depression in the water table
when groundwater bonds with carbon dioxide and forms carbonic acid which dissolves rocks it forms
caves
a common surface feature of karst topography
sinkholes
the boundary at the top of the zone of saturation is known as
the water table
what does more precipitation cause
an increase in the zone of saturation and raises the water table
what removes water from the zone of saturation
using well water
using well water does what to the water table
lowers the water table
