8.1-8.4 Notes

Question 1

Breaking a rock into smaller pieces without changing it’s chemical composition

Answer 1

Physical weathering

Question 2

Breaking a rock into smaller pieces by changing it’s chemical composition (it forms a new material)

Answer 2

Chemical weathering

Question 3

Which happens best in a hot wet climate?

Answer 3

Chemical weathering

Question 4

rocks break apart when liquid water seeps into cracks then freezes and expands

Answer 4

frost wedging

Question 5

roots of plants grow and move underground causing enough pressure that the rocks break

Answer 5

root action

Question 6

when rocks collide resulting in the break and wearing away of rocks

Answer 6

Abrasion

Question 7

how are rocks different when abrasion occurs?

Answer 7

rounded and smaller

Question 8

the chemical reaction of rain water with another substance (Nitric and sulphuric acids)

Answer 8

Hydrolosis

Question 9

The chemical reaction of oxygen with another substance (iron oxide rust)

Answer 9

Oxidation

Question 10

when carbon dioxide is dissolved in groundwater it creates a weak acid that breaks down various clay materials (limestone)

Answer 10

Carbonic acid

Question 11

as rocks are weathered they usually get…

Answer 11

smaller, rounder, and smoother

Question 12

A solid rock has the ____ surface area

Answer 12

Least (the interior is protected)

Question 13

A ground up rock has the ___ surface area

Answer 13

greatest (the interior can now be attacked)

Question 14

The more surface area is exposed the ___ weathering will occur

Answer 14

More

Question 15

A mineral’s ___ determines it’s resistance to weathering

Answer 15

hardness

Question 16

what climates favor physical weathering

Answer 16

Cold and/or dry

Question 17

Frost action works best where?

Answer 17

High elevations because the temp fluctuates above and below freezing

Question 18

what climates favor chemical weathering

Answer 18

warm and wet

Question 19

where do chemical reactions occur faster?

Answer 19

warmer environments

Question 19

where do chemical reactions occur faster?

Answer 19

warmer environments

Question 20

where does physical weathering happen the most

Answer 20

cold and wet (good for frost wedging)

Question 21

which climates have less weathering and erosion?

Answer 21

arid

Question 22

dry climates have what type of rocks

Answer 22

angular

Question 23

what can chemically weather limestone and form caves

Answer 23

acid rain

Question 24

when particles are broken into smaller pieces the surface area

Answer 24

increases

Question 25

as the particle size decreases the rate of weathering

Answer 25

increases

Question 26

the top layer of Earth's surface consisting of sediment mixed with organic material (dead organisms and their poop)

Answer 26

Soil

Question 27

texture refers to the

Answer 27

particle sizes

Question 28

Soil texture directly affects what

Answer 28

the soil's ability to support plant life

Question 29

soil has 4 major components

Answer 29

air, water, minerals, and organic material

Question 30

all of the layers that make up the soil in the area

Answer 30

soil profile

Question 31

soil forms in layers called

Answer 31

horizons

Question 32

Immature soils only have _ horizons

Answer 32

2

Question 33

Mature soil has at least _ horizons

Answer 33

3 (topsoil, subsoil, and weathered bedrock)

Question 34

the resistance of the rock that created the sediment in the soil

Answer 34

Parent material

Question 35

the more time soil has to mature the ____ it will be

Answer 35

thicker

Question 36

A hot wet climate produces what soil

Answer 36

chemically weathered soil

Question 37

a cold dry climate produces what type of soil

Answer 37

physically weathered

Question 38

what is the main source of organic material

Answer 38

plants

Question 39

what decomposes the organic matter into useable nutrients

Answer 39

microorganisms

Question 40

what mixes everything together

Answer 40

burrowing animals

Question 41

a soil formed by the weathering of the bedrock found beneath it

Answer 41

residual soil

Question 42

transported soil

Answer 42

soil that has been moved from it's original location

Question 43

Most NYS soil is

Answer 43

transported from up north

Question 44

breaks down rocks

Answer 44

weathering

Question 45

what carries the pieces away

Answer 45

erosion

Question 46

what is when rocks are left behind

Answer 46

deposition

Question 47

what is the result of weathering and biological activity over long periods of time

Answer 47

soil

Question 48

what are the broken down pieces of rock

Answer 48

sediments

Question 49

what is classified based on their particle size

Answer 49

sediments

Question 50

mixture of weathered rock pieces and remains of dead plants and animals

Answer 50

soil

Question 51

erosion will equal what

Answer 51

depostion

Question 52

erosion equalling deposition is what

Answer 52

dynamic equillibrium

Question 53

5 agents of deposition

Answer 53

Gravity, wind, waves, glaciers, and running water

Question 54

the transfer of rock and soil down the slope due to gravity

Answer 54

mass movement

Question 55

what causes mass movement to happen

Answer 55

earthquakes, water, oversteepened slopes, removal of vegetation

Question 56

when rock fragments move freely through the air

Answer 56

rockfalls

Question 57

what occurs from weathering of rock caused by frost action or biological activities

Answer 57

rockfalls

Question 58

the sudden movement of rock material along a flat inclined surface seen in high mountainous areas

Answer 58

rock slides

Question 59

the downward movement of material along a curved surface

Answer 59

Slumps

Question 60

how fast do slumps move

Answer 60

not very fast

Question 61

slumps are seen when soil is high in what

Answer 61

clay (smallest particles)

Question 62

movements of materials that contain large amounts of water

Answer 62

flows

Question 63

move quickly, occurs after/during heavy rains or rapid snow melt

Answer 63

mudflows

Question 64

move slowly, occurs on hillsides in wet regions

Answer 64

earthflows

Question 65

the slowest type of mass movement, occurs due to freezing and thawing

Answer 65

creep

Question 66

freezing does what to the water in soil

Answer 66

expands

Question 67

thawing does what to the soil

Answer 67

contracts, lowering particles to a slightly lower position from when they started

Question 68

deposition due to gravity causes

Answer 68

piles of unsorted angular rock fragments

Question 69

what is the force behind all erosion

Answer 69

gravity

Question 70

what is the movement of sediments

Answer 70

erosion

Question 71

earth materials move downslope because of gravity (aka landslide)

Answer 71

mass movement

Question 72

gravity leaves behind what type of rocks

Answer 72

angular (not round) and unsorted rocks (different sizes all mixed up)