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Earth Science (Mine) > 8.1-8.4 Notes > Flashcards

8.1-8.4 Notes Flashcards

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1
Q

Breaking a rock into smaller pieces without changing it’s chemical composition

A

Physical weathering

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2
Q

Breaking a rock into smaller pieces by changing it’s chemical composition (it forms a new material)

A

Chemical weathering

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3
Q

Which happens best in a hot wet climate?

A

Chemical weathering

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4
Q

rocks break apart when liquid water seeps into cracks then freezes and expands

A

frost wedging

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5
Q

roots of plants grow and move underground causing enough pressure that the rocks break

A

root action

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6
Q

when rocks collide resulting in the break and wearing away of rocks

A

Abrasion

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7
Q

how are rocks different when abrasion occurs?

A

rounded and smaller

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8
Q

the chemical reaction of rain water with another substance (Nitric and sulphuric acids)

A

Hydrolosis

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9
Q

The chemical reaction of oxygen with another substance (iron oxide rust)

A

Oxidation

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10
Q

when carbon dioxide is dissolved in groundwater it creates a weak acid that breaks down various clay materials (limestone)

A

Carbonic acid

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11
Q

as rocks are weathered they usually get…

A

smaller, rounder, and smoother

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12
Q

A solid rock has the ____ surface area

A

Least (the interior is protected)

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13
Q

A ground up rock has the ___ surface area

A

greatest (the interior can now be attacked)

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14
Q

The more surface area is exposed the ___ weathering will occur

A

More

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15
Q

A mineral’s ___ determines it’s resistance to weathering

A

hardness

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16
Q

what climates favor physical weathering

A

Cold and/or dry

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17
Q

Frost action works best where?

A

High elevations because the temp fluctuates above and below freezing

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18
Q

what climates favor chemical weathering

A

warm and wet

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19
Q

where do chemical reactions occur faster?

A

warmer environments

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19
Q

where do chemical reactions occur faster?

A

warmer environments

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20
Q

where does physical weathering happen the most

A

cold and wet (good for frost wedging)

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21
Q

which climates have less weathering and erosion?

A

arid

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22
Q

dry climates have what type of rocks

A

angular

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23
Q

what can chemically weather limestone and form caves

A

acid rain

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24
Q

when particles are broken into smaller pieces the surface area

A

increases

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25
Q

as the particle size decreases the rate of weathering

A

increases

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26
Q

the top layer of Earth’s surface consisting of sediment mixed with organic material (dead organisms and their poop)

A

Soil

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27
Q

texture refers to the

A

particle sizes

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28
Q

Soil texture directly affects what

A

the soil’s ability to support plant life

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29
Q

soil has 4 major components

A

air, water, minerals, and organic material

30
Q

all of the layers that make up the soil in the area

A

soil profile

31
Q

soil forms in layers called

A

horizons

32
Q

Immature soils only have _ horizons

A

2

33
Q

Mature soil has at least _ horizons

A

3 (topsoil, subsoil, and weathered bedrock)

34
Q

the resistance of the rock that created the sediment in the soil

A

Parent material

35
Q

the more time soil has to mature the ____ it will be

A

thicker

36
Q

A hot wet climate produces what soil

A

chemically weathered soil

37
Q

a cold dry climate produces what type of soil

A

physically weathered

38
Q

what is the main source of organic material

A

plants

39
Q

what decomposes the organic matter into useable nutrients

A

microorganisms

40
Q

what mixes everything together

A

burrowing animals

41
Q

a soil formed by the weathering of the bedrock found beneath it

A

residual soil

42
Q

transported soil

A

soil that has been moved from it’s original location

43
Q

Most NYS soil is

A

transported from up north

44
Q

breaks down rocks

A

weathering

45
Q

what carries the pieces away

A

erosion

46
Q

what is when rocks are left behind

A

deposition

47
Q

what is the result of weathering and biological activity over long periods of time

A

soil

48
Q

what are the broken down pieces of rock

A

sediments

49
Q

what is classified based on their particle size

A

sediments

50
Q

mixture of weathered rock pieces and remains of dead plants and animals

A

soil

51
Q

erosion will equal what

A

depostion

52
Q

erosion equalling deposition is what

A

dynamic equillibrium

53
Q

5 agents of deposition

A

Gravity, wind, waves, glaciers, and running water

54
Q

the transfer of rock and soil down the slope due to gravity

A

mass movement

55
Q

what causes mass movement to happen

A

earthquakes, water, oversteepened slopes, removal of vegetation

56
Q

when rock fragments move freely through the air

A

rockfalls

57
Q

what occurs from weathering of rock caused by frost action or biological activities

A

rockfalls

58
Q

the sudden movement of rock material along a flat inclined surface seen in high mountainous areas

A

rock slides

59
Q

the downward movement of material along a curved surface

A

Slumps

60
Q

how fast do slumps move

A

not very fast

61
Q

slumps are seen when soil is high in what

A

clay (smallest particles)

62
Q

movements of materials that contain large amounts of water

A

flows

63
Q

move quickly, occurs after/during heavy rains or rapid snow melt

A

mudflows

64
Q

move slowly, occurs on hillsides in wet regions

A

earthflows

65
Q

the slowest type of mass movement, occurs due to freezing and thawing

A

creep

66
Q

freezing does what to the water in soil

A

expands

67
Q

thawing does what to the soil

A

contracts, lowering particles to a slightly lower position from when they started

68
Q

deposition due to gravity causes

A

piles of unsorted angular rock fragments

69
Q

what is the force behind all erosion

A

gravity

70
Q

what is the movement of sediments

A

erosion

71
Q

earth materials move downslope because of gravity (aka landslide)

A

mass movement

72
Q

gravity leaves behind what type of rocks

A

angular (not round) and unsorted rocks (different sizes all mixed up)

Earth Science (Mine) (10 decks)

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