9.1 Study Guide Flashcards
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes: No nucleus, have ribosomes, cell walls (sometimes 2), cell membranes, contains DNA, DNA is free floating, no organelles, and part of single celled organisms. Ex: Bacterial cells
Eukaryotes: Has a nucleus, ribosomes, cell wall, cell membrane, contains DNA in a nucleus, has organelles, part of multicellular organisms.
Compare and contrast the structures of bacteria vs. plant vs. animal cells.
All of these cells have a cell membrane, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and DNA. Only plant and animal cells have a nucleus, nucleolus, mitochondria, and any organelle made of membranes. Only plant and bacterial cells have a cell wall.
What cell structures do most cells have? What are their functions?
Vesicles: Small containers carry materials between cell compartments and out of the cell.
Cell membrane: Protective barrier around the outside of the cell, controls what gets in and out and helps cells communicate.
Nucleus: Stores DNA, location of transcription
Cytoskeleton: Long fibers that give a cell shape and structure, keeps organelles in place and aids in cell movement.
Mitochondria: Kidney shaped with 2 layers of membrane, break down molecules to form ATP.
Ribosomes: Small structures without membrane, translate mRNA to make proteins.
Endoplasmic Reticulum: The smooth portions of this organelle are where lipids and hormones are made. The rough portions have ribosomes on the surface, which make proteins.
Golgi apparatus: Gets packages of proteins from the ER and moves them through a series of stacked compartments. Adds tags to proteins based on where they need to go in the cell.
Lysosome: Small compartments filled with digestive enzymes. Breaks down uneeded proteins and damaged cell parts for recycling.
What are the benefits of the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell plans?
The prokaryotic cell plan is more efficient at using energy and resources. This plan is also faster to reproduce. The eukaryotic cell plan can perform specialized roles. It can also be part of multicellular organisms.
Compare and contrast how different cells:
Get rid of waste
Serve as a container
Contain a set of instructions
Read the instructions
Get and use energy
Serve as a container:
Animal, plant, and bacterial cells all have cell membranes with proteins that control what moves in and out of the cell. However, only bacteria and plant cells have a cell wall/2nd cell membrane. Bacteria do not have specialized organelles like plant and animal cells. Bacteria can have a secondary cell membrane.
Get and use energy: Animal, plant, and bacterial cells all use ATP as an energy source. They all produce their own ATP. Enzymes break down sugar to make ATP (cellular respiration). However, in plant and animal cells, cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria. Plants and some bacteria perform photosynthesis. Plants perform photosynthesis in their chloroplasts.
Contain a set of instructions:
All of the cells contain DNA. They all have genes that have instructions to build molecules. The DNA can copy itself. In plant and animal cells, the DNA is in the nucleus. However, bacterial cells do not have a nucleus. The DNA floats around throughout bacteria cells (not contained) in the cytoplasm.
Get rid of waste:
In all of the cells, enzymes break down larger waste products into smaller molecules. Cells can turn them into new molecules, burn them for energy, or get rid of them. The small molecules exit through the cell membrane and through proteins on the cell membrane. Animal cells break down waste in lysosomes, while plant cells break down waste in the vacuole. Bacterial cells have enzymes throughout the cell that break down waste.
Read the instructions:
In all of the cells, genes are copied and join ribosomes to build proteins. The proteins join the cytoskeleton or go to other locations. In plant and animal cells, proteins go to the ER, a vesicle takes them to the Golgi, they are processed and tagged, and then a vesicle transports them to the right place so they can do their job. In bacteria cells, the ER, vesicles, and Golgi are not used to process, tag, and transport proteins because these cells do not have those organelles. Plant and animal cells have these organelles and use them to transport proteins to the right place.
Describe the steps and organelles used involved in the making and distributing of proteins.
Transcription of DNA into RNA takes place in the nucleus. Then, vesicles carry the mRNA to the rough ER, where ribosomes translate the mRNA into protein. Then, vesicles carry the proteins to the Golgi apparatus, where they are processed and tagged. Vesicles take them to the cytoplasm, cell membrane, out of the cell, or to another organelle.
Explain why some cells would have more of one type of organelle than other cells.
Some cells have more of one type of organelle than other cells because of their job or role in an organism. Each cell has a certain task that it must perform for the body. As a result, each cell has a different function. Structure directly affects function, so these cells must have different structures. Each cell has specific structures and specific amounts of those structures that allow it to perform its task.
