6.1 Study Guide Flashcards
What is the structure of each functional group? Say if they are polar, nonpolar, positively charge, or negatively charged.
Hydroxl: oxygen atom and hydrogen atom bonded together, -OH, polar
Carbonyl: Carbon atom forming a double bond with oxygen and a single bond with hydrogen, or carbon forming a double bond with oxygen, -COH or -CO-, polar
Carboxyl: Carbon atom forms a double bond with oxygen and a single bond with an oxygen-hydrogen molecule, -COOH, negative charge
Amino: A nitrogen atom forms a single bond with two hydrogen atoms, -NH2, positive charge
Sulfhydryl: A sulfur atom forms a single bond with a hydrogen atom, -SH, polar (slightly)
Phosphate: Phosphorus atom forms a single bond with three oxygen atoms and a double bond with one oxygen atom, -PO4, negative charge
Methyl: A carbon atom forms a single bond with three hydrogen atoms, CH3, nonpolar
What is an isomer?
Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures (shapes). Different chemical properties and different biological functions.
What are monomers and polymers?
Monomer: A single molecule that reacts with other molecules to form larger molecules called polymers. Monomers are the building blocks for polymers.
Polymers: Polymers are molecular structures formed by reactions of smaller molecules. Polymers are made up of monomers and can be broken apart into monomers and rearranged to form new polymers.
What happens during a dehydration synthesis reaction?
During dehydration synthesis, monomers are joined by “taking” H2O out. Monomers are joined to make polymers. One monomer donates OH- and the other monomer donates H+. Together, these two form H2O. This process requires energy and enzymes (catalysts that speed up chemical reactions).
What happens during a hydrolysis reaction?
Polymers are broken back into monomers during the process of Hydrolysis. H2O is used to break down polymers. Reverse of dehydration synthesis. Monomers are cleaved off one at a time. H2O is plit into H+ and OH-. H+ and OH- attach to enzymes. Enzymes and energy are required.
Why is carbon a versatile building block for organic molecules?
Carbon can form four, stable, strong, and covalent bonds with other atoms. This allows carbon to form many different structures. These include chains, branches, double bonds, and rings. This makes carbon a versatile building block for organic molecules.
Describe the relationship between: monomers, polymers, dehydration synthesis, and hydrolysis.
During dehydration synthesis, monomers are joined together to make polymers. Hydrolysis is the reverse of dehydration synthesis, where polymers are broken back into monomers. Monomers are the building blocks for polymers, and polymers are made up of monomers. Monomers are joined together in dehydration synthesis, while in hydrolysis, they are cleaved off. Polymers are built in dehydration synthesis, but are broken apart in hydrolysis.
