10.2 Study Guide Flashcards
What is the order and events of the stages of mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis)?
Prophase: The DNA chromosomes condense, the nuclear membrane begins to break down, and the spindle fibers start to form.
Metaphase: Spindle fibers from either end of the cell attach to each chromosome. Chromosomes line up individually along the metaphase plate.
Anaphase: Sister chromatids detach from each other and travel up the spindle fibers to opposite ends of the cell.
Telophase: Sister chromatids reach opposite ends of the cell, new nuclear membranes reform, chromosomes condense, cytokinesis begins.
Cytokinesis: Cell membrane is pinched to make two separate cells.
How does a cell look in each stage of mitosis?
Prophase: The nuclear membrane inside the cell is fading and breaking down. The DNA chromosomes start to condense together and the spindle fibers start to form between the centrioles. The cell has the same circular shape.
Metaphase: The chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell and the spindle fibers from opposite ends of the cell attach to each chromosome. The cell has the same circular shape.
Anaphase: The cell begins to form into more of an oval shape and the spindle fibers pull the chromosomes apart. The chromosomes are separated into single strands.
Telophase: The cell looks like an oval with a pinch in the middle. Cytokinesis is occurring.
Cytokinesis: The cell has split into two circular cells.
What are the definitions and examples of multipotent, pluripotent, and induced pluripotent stem cells?
Multipotent Stem Cells: Found in small amounts in tissues. They are in our tissues and make new cells to replace worn out or damaged cells in specific tissues. Ex: Lung cells, pancreas cells, heart muscle cells, red blood cells, skin cells, neurons, adult bone marrow cells, deciduous teeth cells.
Pluripotent (embryonic): Created from leftover embryos. They can be grown into any kind of tissue/cell in the body. Ex: Endoderm line cells, mesoderm line cells, ectoderm cells.
Induced pluripotent:
Regular skin, fat, or other cells that can be reprogrammed by signals to act like embryonic stem cells. They can be grown into any type of new cell. Ex: Human embryotic stem cells.
What causes specialized cells to be different from each other?
To become different types of specialized cells, cells need to make different types/amounts of protein. Protein production= Gene Expression. Protein production/gene expression is partly controlled by transcription factors. Differentiation causes these cells to be different.
Compare the parent cell to the daughter cells after mitosis.
The original parent cell is identical to the daughter cells after mitosis.
Explain how all of your body cells have the same genetic code but different functions.
All of our body cells can have the same genetic code but different functions because of differential gene expression. The enhancer, promoter, exons, and introns all have an effect on how the DNA is transcribed. Certain transcription factors turn on and off, which result in changes to the RNA, which changes the gene expression. Proteins code for the functions in the cell, so different proteins mean different cell functions.
Explain the role of transcription factors in cell differentiation.
Transcription factors turn on at different times during cell differentiation and change with cellular conditions. As cells mature and go through different stages, transcription factors can act on gene expression and change the cell in different ways. This change affects the next generation of cells derived from that cell. In subsequent generations, it is the combination of different transcription factors that can ultimately determine cell type.
