9.1 SG Flashcards
What is a prokaryote?
A single-celled organism without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
Examples include bacteria and archaea.
What is a eukaryote?
An organism whose cells contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
Examples include plants, animals, fungi, and protists.
List three structures that most cells have and their functions.
- Cell membrane: protects the cell and regulates what enters and exits
- Cytoplasm: jelly-like substance where cellular processes occur
- Genetic material (DNA/RNA): contains instructions for cell functions
What are two benefits of prokaryotic cell plans?
- Simplicity in structure
- Rapid reproduction
What are two benefits of eukaryotic cell plans?
- Compartmentalization of functions
- Greater complexity and specialization
How do different cells get rid of waste?
Through processes like exocytosis and diffusion
Mechanisms may vary depending on cell type.
How do cells serve as a container?
By using cell membranes to enclose and protect cellular components
What do cells contain that serves as a set of instructions?
DNA, which carries genetic information
How do cells read the instructions contained in their DNA?
Through transcription and translation processes
How do cells get and use energy?
By converting nutrients into energy through cellular respiration or photosynthesis
Different cells may use different processes based on their type.
Describe the steps involved in the making of proteins.
- Transcription: DNA is transcribed to mRNA
- Translation: mRNA is translated to amino acids at ribosomes
- Folding and modification: proteins are folded and modified in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus
Why might some cells have more of one type of organelle than others?
Due to their specific functions and energy requirements
For example, muscle cells have more mitochondria for energy production.
Compare the structures of bacteria cells to plant cells.
Bacteria cells lack a nucleus, while plant cells have a nucleus and cell walls
Compare the structures of bacteria cells to animal cells.
Bacteria cells lack a nucleus and have simpler structures, while animal cells have a nucleus and more complex organelles
Compare the structures of plant cells to animal cells.
Plant cells have cell walls, chloroplasts, and large vacuoles, while animal cells have lysosomes
