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Biology > 9.1 Aesexual reproduction > Flashcards

9.1 Aesexual reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

The production of offspring from only 1 parent, where the offspring is identical to the parent.

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2
Q

In what organisms does asexual reproduction occur?

A

It occurs in bacteria, fungi, and some types of plants and animals.

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3
Q

Name the 6 ways of reproducing asexually:

A
  1. Fission
  2. Budding
  3. Fragmentation
  4. Spore formation
  5. Vegetative reproduction
  6. Parthenogenesis
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4
Q

What is fission?

A

How unicellular organisms divide.

eg. Bacteria

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5
Q

Name the 3 ways fission can occur:

A
  • Longitudinal fission
  • Transverse fission
  • Strobiliation
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6
Q

What is the process of longitudinal fission?

A

Division along the longest axis

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7
Q

What is the process of transverse fission?

A

The cell splits along the shortest axis

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8
Q

What is the process of strobilation (similar to transverse fission)?

A

The cell splits along the shortest axis but occurs in multicellular organisms.

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9
Q

What is budding?

A

It is similar to fission except the division of the cytoplasm is uneven.

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10
Q

What is fragmentation?

A

Is similar to fission but occurs in multicellular organisms

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11
Q

What is spore formation?

A

(Is common in fungi and can be both asexual and sexual.)
If it is asexual, spores are produced by mitosis, which are then released into the air and grow into a new fungus where they land.

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12
Q

What is vegetative reproduction?

A

Where a new plant grows an offshoot of the original plant, if separated from the parent plant. Different plants have the new plant growing from different tissues.

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13
Q

Name the 4 ways plants can reproduce:

A
  • Rhizomes
  • Stolons
  • Tubers
  • Bulbs and corms
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14
Q

What are rhizomes?

A

Underground stems that branch and put up new shoots.

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15
Q

What are stolons (similar to rhizomes)

A

Aboveground stems that branch and put up new shoots.

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16
Q

What are tubers?

A

Swollen underground stems with buds ‘eyes’ that can grow into new plants.

17
Q

What are bulbs and corms?

A

Lateral buds that produce new plants.

18
Q

What is parthenogenesis?

A

The development of an egg in the absence of fertilisation.

19
Q

Name 5 advantages of asexual reproduction:

A
  • Efficient
  • Don’t need to waste energy to find mates
  • Populations can rapidly increase when conditions are good
  • No need to have a sexual partner
  • Offspring are identical to the parent which is a benefit in a stable environment
20
Q

What are 2 disadvantages of asexual reproduction?

A
  • Rapid population growth can overuse resources
  • Lack of genetic variation means that there is little/no pherotypic (physical) variation, so if the environment changes, all individuals are equally susceptible.
21
Q

What is cloning?

A

Cloning is the process of producing genetically identical organisms from one parent.

22
Q

What are the 3 types of cloning?

A
  • Cuttings and grafts
  • Tissue culture
  • Embryo splitting
23
Q

What are cuttings and grafts?

A
  • Cuttings are a piece of plant
    eg. A stem that is used to grow a new plant
  • Grafts are a plant stem that is placed onto the root of another
24
Q

What is tissue culture?

A

A process to make large numbers of plants rapidly grow.

25
Q

Explain the process of tissue culture:

A
  • Pieces of plants are washed, sterilized and placed on special growth mediums in pretri dishes.
  • Shoots quickly grow from the pieces and can be removed and further cultured or potted up.
26
Q

What is tissue culture used for?

A

It is often used for endangered plants or research

27
Q

What are cuttings and grafts useful for?

A
  • Disease resistance in roots
  • Cold tolerance
  • Early fruiting
28
Q

What are the 2 processes of embryo cloning?

A
  • Embryo splitting

- Nuclear transfer

29
Q

Explain the process of embryo splitting:

A

At or before the 16 cell stage of an embryo, it can be split and developed into two (or more) individuals.

30
Q

Explain the process of nuclear transfer:

A
  • Unfertilised eggs can be taken and its nucleus replaced with the nucleus from an adult somatic cell
  • It can then be placed into a surrogate (substitute) mother to develop into a new individual.
31
Q

Give an example of a nuclear transfer in the past:

A

Dolly the sheep (1996)

32
Q

Name 3 issues surrounding embryo cloning:

A
  • High failure rater: 0.1-3% success
  • Health effects
  • Premature aging
33
Q

What is a zygote?

A

A fertilised egg

Biology (33 decks)

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