9- Main stream behavior analysis Flashcards
A collective term for anything a living
organism does
Occurs as a function of genetic-physiological predispositions + environmental events
Behavior
Determining the environmental events
Behavior analysis
Manipulating environmental events to bring about desired changes in behavior
Applied Behavior Analysis
The application of behavioral analysis and developmental psychology to child behavioral problems presenting in primary care settings
Behavioral Pediatrics in Primary Care
One major emphasis
• Prevention over cure or rehabilitation
Behavioral Pediatrics in Primary Care
Two types of intervention
• Supportive health education
• Prescriptive treatment
Behavioral Pediatrics in Primary Care
Three domains of care
• Common behavior problems
• Behavior problems with significant medical (biological) dimensions
• Medical (biological) problems with significant
behavioral dimensions
Behavioral Pediatrics in Primary Care
Approximately 50% of all primary
care child visits involve behavior problems.
High frequency, low intensity problems
Responsive to prescriptive behavioral treatments
Common Behavior Problems Presenting in Primary Care
Girls
- Night wetting
- Poor appetite
- Fears
- Night waking
- Sleep with parents
- Day wetting
- Picky eating
- Sibling rivalry
- Overactive
- Bedtime struggles
- Attention seeking
Ranked Behavior Problems:
3 Year Old Children
- Night wetting
- Day wetting
- Soiling
- Poor appetite
- Overactive
- Bedtime resistance
- Night waking
- Non compliance
- Picky eating
- Sleep with parents
- Sibling rivalry
Ranked Behavior Problems:
3 Year Old Children
Common behavior problems are not
pathologies, they are skill deficits. So
parents are on their own with these.
Common Tactics
Ignoring,
Warning,
Yelling
Spanking,
Rewarding
Reasoning
Placating or Indulging
Rule of thirds
Tactics commonly employed to reduce
typical child problem behavior include:
Behavior is largely a function of circumstances
Core of Behavior Analysis
Percent of Sample
11-25%
Incidence/Prevalence of Psychiatric
Problems in Community-based Children
Gap In Behavioral Health Care for
Children
Primary care pediatrics on one side Conventional mental health services for children on the other Vast range of behavioral health problems in the gap
B
Average Office Time with Patients
11 to 15 minutes
Average Time Spent in Anticipatory
Guidance Birth to 18 years old
Seven to 97 seconds
Pediatricians don’t address common
behavior problems. Why? 3 X
- Limited or no time
- Limited or no training
- Lack of inclination
Gap In Behavioral Health Care for
Children
Conventional mental health services
don’t address those problem very
well either. Why? 2x
- Parents are reluctant to go because of a low and variable quality of care.
- Stigma
Gap In Behavioral Health Care for
Children
Over interpretation in practice
Research Practices
Public Impressions
Why parents are reluctant to seek mental health services for children:
Evidence based or empirically supported treatment
Parents like it
Physicians like it
It works
We have a specialized standard of
care. (Behavior Analysts)
Sample Topics
Learning
Crying
Sleep
Toileting readiness
Supportive Health Education-
Behavioral Pediatrics for Common
Behavior Problems
Learning: Children Learn Through ..
Repetition with Contrast
- Underlying problem syndrome
- Berkson’s bias
•Textbook case bias
Over interpretation in practice:
Why parents are reluctant to seek mental health services for children
Correlative theory building over intervention
Research Practices
Why parents are reluctant to seek
mental health services for children
Not flattering
Public Impressions
Why parents are reluctant to seek mental health services for children
Change in experience-Two types of change
- Quality—determines DIRECTION of learning
• Pleasant—
-Reward (positive reinforcement)
-Relief—(negative reinforcement)
• Unpleasant –
- Pain (positive punishment)
-Loss (negative punishment) - Quantity—determines NEED for repetition
•Large—large change, less repetition
•Small—small change, more repetition
Clarifying Contrast
Average sleep requirements by age.l; See hand out or instructor notes
Fatigue deteriorates neural controls
Sleep associations
To bed sleepy but awake
See instructors notes or handout
Physical readiness Raise and lower pants Pincer grasp Fully ambulatory Sit independently
Bladder readiness
Dry for several hours
Language readiness
Toileting words
Instructional readiness
Follow simple instructions
Proprioceptive readiness
Awareness of urge
Emotional-social readiness
Assess for clinical
significance
Toileting readiness
Drink, Undress, Play and Pay
Toileting Program
Toddler misbehavior
Bedtime Problems
Simple Habits
Defiance, non compliance, and rule infractions in
older children
Simple phobia
Sample Targets
Danger seeking
Systematic use of carrot and stick
Repetition
Strategic use of nothing
- Time in - Time out
Toddler Misbehavior
Escape extinction (ignoring)
Often avoided by caregivers because
of the extinction burst
Treating Bedtime Resistance
Bedtime Pass
Treating Bedtime Resistance
When to treat:
- Older than 5 years
- Done in Public
- Oral/ Physical Problems- Physician says to treat
Non punitive procedure reminding rather than punishing. “reminder fluid” taste treatment)
Child Involvement (done with, not to, child)
Systematic application
Fading procedure
Taste Treatment for Thumb Sucking
Menial jobs are assigned when child
engages in misbehavior
Grounding is done when the job(s) are completed
Job Based Grounding- Middle school and high school students
Attending school
Performing required chores Following house rules Staying in room except for meals, homework, chores or school Nothing with a plug Nothing with a battery Nothing with an electric current Nothing with door leading outside No snacks
For Child, Grounded Means
No nagging
No reminding about jobs to be done
For Parent, Grounded Means
Subject
-14 year old Boys Town boy
General dependent variable
-Insect phobia
Specific dependent variable
-Math calculations
Independent variables
- Exposure - Incentives
Simple phobia
Treatment: exposure and response prevention- (Main stream psychology)
Escape extinction - ( ABA)
Phobia Treatment
“Performance is where the impairment was”
Phobias- Skinner
Anxiety is a category. Doesn’t exist in the real world.
Inside the category is stuff you can point to:
“conditioned suppression”; suppression of operant behavior, i.e. school work
Insect phobia study
Controlled by antecedent stimuli
Respondents
Controlled by both antecedents and
consequences
Operants
What was once a respondent becomes an operant
Ex., - Fear of bugs* and the reinforced escape response. *insert any “phobia
- The reinforced knee jerk
How do they interact?
To name a few: Anxiety Phobias Problem behavior Example: The crying baby
Problems Based in Respondent-
Operant Interactions
Sperm are organisms that behave
Their behavior occurs in an environment
That environment exerts strong influence on sperm behavior
That environment is changeable
Spermatogenesis- Why important in ABA
Heat. - GENERIC VARIABLE Fever Climate Stress Illness Allergies Abstinence Chemotherapy Smoking Cryptorchidism Age Renal failure Steroids Radiation Nutrition Fit of clothing
Variables That Change the Sperm
Environment
General dependent variable
-Spermatogenesis
Specific dependent variables
- Total volume of semen
- Total sperm count
- Sperm concentration (density)
- Total # of motile sperm
- Total # of motile sperm per hour of abstinence
Independent variables
- Loose fitting “boxer” type shorts
- Tight fitting “bikini” type briefs
•Subjects
-2 Caucasian men, single, good health,
mid 30s, paid sperm donors
Semen analysis
-Hemocytometer grid
Data analysis
-ABAB
Representative Study- sperm
Intrinsic Aspect of Behavior:
Effort
Littering
Subjects: - Smokers entering the hospital
*GENERAL dependent variable- Littering
• SPECIFIC dependent variable- Cigarette butts in
ashtrays
• Independent variable
-Distance from door to ash tray
Data analyses
- A-A, B-C-D-E-F - ABAB
Representative Study
Depression Sleep problems Difficult people Sexual performance and satisfaction Anger control Athletic performance Voting Traffic Diet ‘Neurosis’ Life extension Life satisfaction Medical compliance Marital problems Etc. etc. etc…
Other Mainstream Possibilities
Emphasis on highly impaired populations
Berkson’s bias
• Emphasis on extreme cases
Textbook case bias
Determines DIRECTION of learning
• Pleasant—
-Reward (positive reinforcement)
-Relief—(negative reinforcement)
• Unpleasant –
- Pain (positive punishment)
-Loss (negative punishment)
Quality
Determines NEED for repetition
•Large—large change, less repetition
•Small—small change, more repetition
- Quantity
suppression of operant behavior
i.e. school work
conditioned suppression