2-Standard celeration chart and applications Flashcards
Inductive versus deductive
Intimate CONTACT with phenomenon of interest such as:
Biology
Chemistry
Physics
Focus:
Observable behavior
objective, operational definitions
Involves use of:
standard, absolute units of measurement
Experimental analysis
Identification of functional relations
Natural Science of Behavior
Standard Units
Everyone uses them
Absolute Units
VALUE does NOT change from one instance to the next
Universal Units
Apply to every instance
Dimensional QUANTITY of behavior: Entailed in the behavior itself Not an abstraction Sensitive to changes in the independent variable Visible to the naked eye!
Units of Measurement- Natural science of behavior
Count
-Repeatability Or Countability
Time
- Behavior occurs in time - Behavior takes time to occur
Properties of Behavior
Derived from the fundamental properties of behavior:
- Frequency/rate (count/time) - Latency (temporal locus) - Duration (temporal extent) - Celeration (count/time/time) - Inter-response Time
Dimensional Quantities of Behavior
Abstractions from behavior of interest
Statistics-
Percent correct, ratios, Likert Scales
Insensitive to environmental variables
Dimensionless Quantities
Utilized Natural science of behavior
Focused on:
Free -operant responding (Operant chamber)
Rate of response as a measure of behavior
Standard graphic display (Cumulative record)
Because of these things, was able to make the DISCOVERIES he did.
B.F. Skinner
Can be emitted any time
Discrete
Do not require much time for completion
Produce a wide range of response rates
Ex. Key pecks and lever presses
Free operant responses
Dimensional unit of behavior that is defined as count/Time
Sensitive to settle manipulations of the independent variable Such as: schedules of reinforcement Stimulus control Procedures Extinction
Rate of response
A standard graphic display that reflects a ratio of count over time
Provides an ongoing, continuous recording.
Standard slopes are produced that are represented as frequency/rate of responding, thus allowing ease of interpretation and comparison
Cumulative record
A student of BF Skinner
Commitment was to put the same analytic tools into the hands of teachers/practitioners, such that discoveries could be made
To this end, created the Standard Celeration Chart, SCC
Og Lindsley
Lowest point is at .001 (1000 minutes). This represents one Occurrence of behavior in a single DAY.
Highest point is at 1000 and a depicts a behavior occurring 1000 times per minute
Celeration is change in rate over time.
Count/minute/day/week
Bottom axis = successive calendar days with THIN Vertical lines = Individual weekdays
Top axis = successive calendar week With Sunday = thick vertical lines.
Column between two Sunday lines is one calendar week.
Bottom left Is a standard Celeration fan-Depicts standard slopes and allows you to compare and achieved slope with the standard slope.
On right = a cheat sheet of time periods of chart.
Standard Celeration Chart
1) Counting Time Floor : Observation, recording period
- Formula: 1/number of minutes spent recording.
2) Frequency Correct
3)Frequency Incorrect
Find where Day Line and Frequency Line Intersect
Chart at Intersection
Apply is mainly to acquisition targets. Ex,. Number of words read correctly and monitor words read incorrectly.
Deceleration Target, may not have fair pair
Creating a complete daily record:
Dropping timing. Reflects longer and longer Timing. And is treated with a dash on the line that intersects at the day and the frequency line for your timing floor
Standard celebration chart
Using a standard absolute unit of measurement: Count per minute.
Even if we are recording longer it still count per minute
Standard celebration chart: charting frequencies
Change in RATE over time
Ex. Count/ minute/day/week
Celeration
Human behavior changes EXPONENTIALLY. Via Multiplication and Division
Y axis Allows us to predict human behavior more accurately because logarithmic nature of SCC Provides better representation of human behavior and changes in behavior than can be captured on traditional equal intervals line graph
Different than equal interval line graphs, which move up and down y-axis via addition and subtraction (by factor 1).
Left vertical axis different than most traditional graphs. One Moves up the access via MULTIPLICATION and Down via division. = logarithmic nature of chart
Bottom left standard Celeration Fan; Depicts standard slopes and allows comparison of achieved slope with standard
Right: cheat sheet of time Periods for chart
Standard celebration chart- first member of family of charts
Enables looking at Weekly Changes
Along bottom- Successive Calendar weeks
- Thin vertical lines represents a single week
Top- Calendar Months. Each Column = month
Weekly Chart- second member of family of charts SCC
Bottom- Success of calendar months
Top- Years
Thin line- Single Month
Bold Lines: Years
Monthly Chart- Third member family SCC
Across Bottom = Successive calendar months
Across Top= Decades
Yearly chart- last (4th) member SCC
Axis
Slopes
Unit of measure
Standard on the SCC
Standard Behavior Chart
6 Cycle Chart- has Six COUNTING CYCLES of 10
Other names used for the SCC
The slope of a celebration line at a given value (Eg x2 celeration) will be the same regardless of where the baseline behavior occurred. That is, proportional amount of behavior change are preserved regardless of starting frequency
The relationship between starting frequency and equivalent slopes
Frequency lines on the chart are not counted by the same interval all the way up the chart.
County starts with ones, 123…But at 10 the counting interval changes to 10 i.e., 10, 20, 30.
It again changes at 100.
The jingle describes how to count up the Y –axis:
The B___. Number on the left, that starts with one, tells you what to count B____. And we are to count F____.
Counting along the Y axis
depicts standard slopes
Allows for quick comparison
Standard celeration fan
The slope of a celebration line at a given value e.g., X 2 Celeration , will be the same regardless of where the baseline behavior occurred.
That is, proportional amount of behavior change our preserved regardless of starting frequency.
Relationship between starting frequency and equivalent Slopes
Equal interval graphs do not use a standard data display, unit of time or measurement
problematic because you must always orient your audience and yourself to each unique graph.
Slopes are inflated as you MOVE up the scale.
Baseline frequencies are a Letter CONFOUND Which makes it difficult to analyze the intervention
Problems with equal intervals line graph
Calibration on the SCC involves setting a common START date across all charts you use
Three essential pieces of information for completing a daily record are there;
1. Counting time floor: The time spent actually recording. Calculated by dividing one by the total minutes spent recording. It is charted with a dash to horizontal line.
For timing. Less than a minute that counting time floor is calculated in one of two ways. First is to divide one by a fraction of a minute. The second option is to divide 60 by the number of seconds
- Frequency correct
- Frequency incorrect.
To track frequency, find where the day line and the frequency line intersect and chart at the intersection
Basic charting conventions on the SCC
1) Counting Time Floor
2) Frequency Correct
3) Frequency Incorrect
To chart frequency,
Find where Day Line and Frequency Line Intersect
Chart at Intersection
For timing. Less than a minute the counting time floor is calculated one of two ways.
1. divide one by a fraction of a minute 2. Divide 60 by the number of seconds
Creating a complete daily record: Three Pieces of information
Time spent actually recording
Calculated by dividing one by the total minutes spent recording
Always plotted with a dashed horizontal line
Counting time Floor – SCC
Dividing the count by the number of minutes spent recording
OR
Multiplying count by counting time FLOOR.
Charting frequencies for timings greater than one minute: count / Number of minutes spent recording
OR
Multiplying the count by the counting time floor
Count x Counting Time Floor
For timings Less than one minute the frequency is charted by dividing the count by the fraction of a minute or multiplying count by the Counting time floor
Count/Fraction of a minute
Or
Count x Counting Time Floor
The standard unit of measurement on the SCC is count per minute
Charting frequencies
Zero does not appear on the SCC because zero does not exist in the multiple world.
That is, anything multiplied by zero is zero. To chart a frequency of zero a data point, “X” or “?” Place just below the counting time floor
Charting frequencies
Behavior has an opportunity to occur but is not observed or recorded.
When charting across these days, Connect data points between one observation and the next.
Ignore days
The behavior does not have the opportunity to occur
Data points are not connected across these days
No chance days
Phase change lines are charted the same as on other type graphs:
•Vertical line is added between changes and data points are not connected across phase change lines.
CELERATION lines are also not drawn across phase change lines
Phase change lines
Designed in seven days to make a chart to fit the full range of behavior on one single device
Many people think it looks odd and do not accept it
Used by many precision teaching professionals
Can use with full range of human behavior
Scale goes from 1000 per minute to one per day
Slope equals change in frequency or celebration
Celeration Chart
- Scale on the left is the number/count per minute, beginning with zero at the bottom and rising to 1000 on the daily chart. This scale is a multiply/divide logarithmic) Scale.
- instead of being divided evenly, this scale is continuously divided. Since the spaces between the numbers are getting smaller we can’t by 1’s To the 10 Mark, then by 10’s to the 100 Mark, and by 100’s above that.
Celeration chart
The scale across the bottom:
Is an even scale (add-Subtract), and represents a Calendar Days.
Each THIICK vertical line on this bottom scale represents a Sunday.
Line to four Monday through Saturday or the thinner vertical lines. Each chart spends 20 weeks or 140 days
- Distances between points and slopes remain the same always ( Standard, horizontal and vertical scales remain the same)
- Not equal interval chart or add/subtract; it is an equal ratio scale
- Multiply going up or divide going down equal distances
- Time range of one second to 24 hour
- Standard display of frequency, duration, celebration, latency, I RT, and variability (bounce)
- Data points and slopes for these measurements on a specific date will always be in the same spot on a Celeration chart
Standard celeration chart
the lowest possible, non zero measure
1/amount of time Counting Behavior
Record Floor
the number of minutes spent observing.
1/#Of observation minutes
RECORD CEILING
To draw counting time floor (Observation time/record floor) Either use duration info on right, or divide one by the number of minutes
1/30 equals .03
Plotting data on a standard celebration chart
Where would you put a frequency of zero on the SCC?
Just above the record floor
Just below the record floor
Just below the record floor
The same as charting counting time floor, but using a (Forward slash. / ) to denote
/Is moving down the chart indicates longer latencies to respond.
/Is moving up at the chart indicate shorter latencies to respond
Charting LATENCY
1) Determine the slope and direction of the trend line
2) Using a straight edge and draw a line of best fit through the data serious
3. Ensure equal number of data points intercepting, above or below Celeration line.
Estimating Celeration
The number of minutes the behavior can possibly occur.
Charted by dividing one by the number of minutes the behavior could actually occur:
1/Number of minutes behavior could occur
IGNORED Minutes occur between the counting time floor and the behavior floor
Behavior floor
The number of minutes spent observing.
Charted by dividing one by the number of OBSERVATION Minutes.:
1/Number of observation minutes
Record Ceiling
Is the same as charting the counting time floor, but use a Forward slash to denote on The chart
Forward slash / is moving down the chart indicates longer latencies to respond.
/ moving up the chart indicate shorter latencies to respond
Charting latency
The amount of time it takes for a behavior to occur.
Charting on the SCC is the same as charting the counting time a floor, but use a backward/to do note on the chart
Backward/is moving down the chart indicate the behavior is occurring for longer periods of time.
Backward/is moving off the chart indicate the behavior is occurring faster (Shorter duration of time)
Charting duration
The most critical feature Of the chart
An index of Learning
Used because behavior changes exponentially (via Multiplication and division)
Celeration
- Determine the slope and direction of the trend line
- Use a straight edge to draw a line of best FIT through the data series.
- Ensure they are an equal number of data points intersecting, falling above, and/or falling below the Celeration line
Estimating Celeration
Draw a line parallel to the CELERATION line and passing through a one online and a Sunday line
If the Celeration is decreasing, read frequency at the Previous Sunday line
Slopes of x2 or greater are known to result in clinically significant results
Finding Celeration Values
A system of measuring and analyzing behavior using Standard chart
Founded by Og Lindsley
Put our scientific Tools In the hands of teachers and practitioners.
By adhering to this measurement system discovery is made possible.
Precision teaching
Component/Composite relations
Operant classes
Functional relations
Functional mastery criteria
Fluency
Aims
RESAA
Discoveries made through precision teaching
A term introduced by Carl Binder
word to describe mastery and means accuracy plus speed ( Otherwise known as an Automaticity and second nature)
The rate = response probability
Selectionist Account.
Product of practice
Fluency
Retention (maintenance, memory)
Endurance (resistance to distractions/fatigue)
Stability (low variability)
Application (easily learn next step,
generalization)
Adduction (emergence of new repertoires)
RESAA
ASR #18
Who was the founder of Precision Teaching?
a. B.F. Skinner b. E.L. Thorndike c. Og Lindsley
d. None of these
C
Seemingly polar notions
One informs the other
Bi-directional relationship
Measurement!
Precision and Scope
Standard, absolute, universal
Properties of behavior (count and
time)
Dimensional units
Standard visual display enables ease of interpretation
Ease of comparison across behaviors, settings, individuals:
Scientist-Practitioner, Growth or decay of operants, Emergence of operant classes, On-going functional analyses and, Assessment, becomes synonymous with intervention
Celerations produce standard slopes
Straight trend lines yield prediction
Add scales produce curvilinear lines – prediction not possible
Times 2 or greater celeration
Clinically significant
Statistically significant
Broad scale impact
Precision yields scope
Data display versus data analysis
Benefits to Standard Charting
Human behavior changes………
Exponentially
Everyone uses them (units of measurement)
Standard Units if time
VALUE does NOT change from one instance to the next
Absolute Units
Unit of Measurement that Applies to every instance
Universal Units
In a standard celebration chart, and increase in duration is indicated by a path that:
Moves Up at the Y axis
Moves down the Y axis
B
For timing greater than one minute:
count/number of minutes spent
recording
OR
Count x Counting Time Floor
Zero Does not appear on the SEC because it does not exist in the multiple world.
(Anything multiplied by zero is zero).
To chart a frequency of zero a data point (dot), x Or ? This place just below the counting time floor
Charting frequencies
Does not appear on the SEC because it does not exist in the multiple world.
(Anything multiplied by zero is zero)
Zero
Seemingly Polar notion’s but one INFORMS the other
A bidirectional relationship.
Measurement!
Precision and scope
Slope equals…
Change in frequency or Celeration
The amount of time it takes for a behavior to occur.
Charting this is the same as charting the counting time floor ( record floor):
but use a Backward slash \
Backward \ moving down the shore indicate the behavior is occurring for longer periods of time.
Backward \ moving up the chart indicate the behavior is occurring faster (shorter duration of time)
Charting duration
