2-Standard celeration chart and applications Flashcards by Kathleen Dugan

Inductive versus deductive

Intimate CONTACT with phenomenon of interest such as:
Biology
Chemistry
Physics

Focus:
Observable behavior
objective, operational definitions

Involves use of:
standard, absolute units of measurement
Experimental analysis
Identification of functional relations

Natural Science of Behavior

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Standard Units
Everyone uses them

Absolute Units
VALUE does NOT change from one instance to the next

Universal Units
Apply to every instance

Dimensional QUANTITY of behavior:
Entailed in the behavior itself
Not an abstraction
Sensitive to changes in the independent variable
Visible to the naked eye!

Units of Measurement- Natural science of behavior

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Count
-Repeatability Or Countability

Time

- Behavior occurs in time
- Behavior takes time to occur

Properties of Behavior

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Derived from the fundamental properties of behavior:

- Frequency/rate (count/time)     - Latency (temporal locus)    - Duration (temporal extent)     - Celeration (count/time/time)     - Inter-response Time

Dimensional Quantities of Behavior

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Abstractions from behavior of interest

Statistics-
Percent correct, ratios, Likert Scales

Insensitive to environmental variables

Dimensionless Quantities

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Utilized Natural science of behavior

Focused on:

Free -operant responding (Operant chamber)
Rate of response as a measure of behavior
Standard graphic display (Cumulative record)

Because of these things, was able to make the DISCOVERIES he did.

B.F. Skinner

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Can be emitted any time

Discrete

Do not require much time for completion

Produce a wide range of response rates
Ex. Key pecks and lever presses

Free operant responses

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Dimensional unit of behavior that is defined as count/Time

Sensitive to settle manipulations of the independent variable
  Such as: 
schedules of reinforcement
Stimulus control Procedures
Extinction

Rate of response

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A standard graphic display that reflects a ratio of count over time

Provides an ongoing, continuous recording.

Standard slopes are produced that are represented as frequency/rate of responding, thus allowing ease of interpretation and comparison

Cumulative record

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A student of BF Skinner

Commitment was to put the same analytic tools into the hands of teachers/practitioners, such that discoveries could be made

To this end, created the Standard Celeration Chart, SCC

Og Lindsley

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Lowest point is at .001 (1000 minutes). This represents one Occurrence of behavior in a single DAY.

Highest point is at 1000 and a depicts a behavior occurring 1000 times per minute

Celeration is change in rate over time.
Count/minute/day/week

Bottom axis = successive calendar days with THIN Vertical lines = Individual weekdays

Top axis = successive calendar week With Sunday = thick vertical lines.

Column between two Sunday lines is one calendar week.

Bottom left Is a standard Celeration fan-Depicts standard slopes and allows you to compare and achieved slope with the standard slope.

On right = a cheat sheet of time periods of chart.

Standard Celeration Chart

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1) Counting Time Floor : Observation, recording period
- Formula: 1/number of minutes spent recording.
2) Frequency Correct

3)Frequency Incorrect
Find where Day Line and Frequency Line Intersect
 Chart at Intersection

Apply is mainly to acquisition targets. Ex,. Number of words read correctly and monitor words read incorrectly.

Deceleration Target, may not have fair pair

Creating a complete daily record:

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Dropping timing. Reflects longer and longer Timing. And is treated with a dash on the line that intersects at the day and the frequency line for your timing floor

Standard celebration chart

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Using a standard absolute unit of measurement: Count per minute.

Even if we are recording longer it still count per minute

Standard celebration chart: charting frequencies

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Change in RATE over time

Ex. Count/ minute/day/week

Celeration

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Human behavior changes EXPONENTIALLY. Via Multiplication and Division

Y axis Allows us to predict human behavior more accurately because logarithmic nature of SCC Provides better representation of human behavior and changes in behavior than can be captured on traditional equal intervals line graph

Different than equal interval line graphs, which move up and down y-axis via addition and subtraction (by factor 1).

Left vertical axis different than most traditional graphs. One Moves up the access via MULTIPLICATION and Down via division. = logarithmic nature of chart

Bottom left standard Celeration Fan; Depicts standard slopes and allows comparison of achieved slope with standard

Right: cheat sheet of time Periods for chart

Standard celebration chart- first member of family of charts

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Enables looking at Weekly Changes

Along bottom- Successive Calendar weeks
- Thin vertical lines represents a single week

Top- Calendar Months. Each Column = month

Weekly Chart- second member of family of charts SCC

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Bottom- Success of calendar months

Top- Years

Thin line- Single Month

Bold Lines: Years

Monthly Chart- Third member family SCC

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Across Bottom = Successive calendar months

Across Top= Decades

Yearly chart- last (4th) member SCC

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Axis

Slopes

Unit of measure

Standard on the SCC

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Standard Behavior Chart

6 Cycle Chart- has Six COUNTING CYCLES of 10

Other names used for the SCC

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The slope of a celebration line at a given value (Eg x2 celeration) will be the same regardless of where the baseline behavior occurred. That is, proportional amount of behavior change are preserved regardless of starting frequency

The relationship between starting frequency and equivalent slopes

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Frequency lines on the chart are not counted by the same interval all the way up the chart.

County starts with ones, 123…But at 10 the counting interval changes to 10 i.e., 10, 20, 30.

It again changes at 100.

The jingle describes how to count up the Y –axis:

The B___. Number on the left, that starts with one, tells you what to count B____. And we are to count F____.

Counting along the Y axis

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depicts standard slopes

Allows for quick comparison

Standard celeration fan

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The slope of a celebration line at a given value e.g., X 2 Celeration , will be the same regardless of where the baseline behavior occurred. That is, proportional amount of behavior change our preserved regardless of starting frequency.

Relationship between starting frequency and equivalent Slopes

Equal interval graphs do not use a standard data display, unit of time or measurement problematic because you must always orient your audience and yourself to each unique graph. Slopes are inflated as you MOVE up the scale. Baseline frequencies are a Letter CONFOUND Which makes it difficult to analyze the intervention

Problems with equal intervals line graph

Calibration on the SCC involves setting a common START date across all charts you use Three essential pieces of information for completing a daily record are there; 1. Counting time floor: The time spent actually recording. Calculated by dividing one by the total minutes spent recording. It is charted with a dash to horizontal line. For timing. Less than a minute that counting time floor is calculated in one of two ways. First is to divide one by a fraction of a minute. The second option is to divide 60 by the number of seconds 2. Frequency correct 3. Frequency incorrect. To track frequency, find where the day line and the frequency line intersect and chart at the intersection

Basic charting conventions on the SCC

1) Counting Time Floor 2) Frequency Correct 3) Frequency Incorrect To chart frequency, Find where Day Line and Frequency Line Intersect Chart at Intersection For timing. Less than a minute the counting time floor is calculated one of two ways. 1. divide one by a fraction of a minute 2. Divide 60 by the number of seconds

Creating a complete daily record: Three Pieces of information

Time spent actually recording Calculated by dividing one by the total minutes spent recording Always plotted with a dashed horizontal line

Counting time Floor – SCC

Dividing the count by the number of minutes spent recording OR Multiplying count by counting time FLOOR. Charting frequencies for timings greater than one minute: count / Number of minutes spent recording OR Multiplying the count by the counting time floor Count x Counting Time Floor For timings Less than one minute the frequency is charted by dividing the count by the fraction of a minute or multiplying count by the Counting time floor Count/Fraction of a minute Or Count x Counting Time Floor The standard unit of measurement on the SCC is count per minute

Charting frequencies

Zero does not appear on the SCC because zero does not exist in the multiple world. That is, anything multiplied by zero is zero. To chart a frequency of zero a data point, “X” or “?” Place just below the counting time floor

Charting frequencies

Behavior has an opportunity to occur but is not observed or recorded. When charting across these days, Connect data points between one observation and the next.

Ignore days

The behavior does not have the opportunity to occur Data points are not connected across these days

No chance days

Phase change lines are charted the same as on other type graphs: •Vertical line is added between changes and data points are not connected across phase change lines. CELERATION lines are also not drawn across phase change lines

Phase change lines

Designed in seven days to make a chart to fit the full range of behavior on one single device Many people think it looks odd and do not accept it Used by many precision teaching professionals Can use with full range of human behavior Scale goes from 1000 per minute to one per day Slope equals change in frequency or celebration

Celeration Chart

* Scale on the left is the number/count per minute, beginning with zero at the bottom and rising to 1000 on the daily chart. This scale is a multiply/divide logarithmic) Scale. * instead of being divided evenly, this scale is continuously divided. Since the spaces between the numbers are getting smaller we can’t by 1’s To the 10 Mark, then by 10’s to the 100 Mark, and by 100’s above that.

Celeration chart

The scale across the bottom: Is an even scale (add-Subtract), and represents a Calendar Days. Each THIICK vertical line on this bottom scale represents a Sunday. Line to four Monday through Saturday or the thinner vertical lines. Each chart spends 20 weeks or 140 days * Distances between points and slopes remain the same always ( Standard, horizontal and vertical scales remain the same) * Not equal interval chart or add/subtract; it is an equal ratio scale * Multiply going up or divide going down equal distances * Time range of one second to 24 hour * Standard display of frequency, duration, celebration, latency, I RT, and variability (bounce) * Data points and slopes for these measurements on a specific date will always be in the same spot on a Celeration chart

Standard celeration chart

the lowest possible, non zero measure 1/amount of time Counting Behavior

Record Floor

the number of minutes spent observing. 1/#Of observation minutes

RECORD CEILING

To draw counting time floor (Observation time/record floor) Either use duration info on right, or divide one by the number of minutes 1/30 equals .03

Plotting data on a standard celebration chart

Where would you put a frequency of zero on the SCC? Just above the record floor Just below the record floor

Just below the record floor

The same as charting counting time floor, but using a (Forward slash. / ) to denote /Is moving down the chart indicates longer latencies to respond. /Is moving up at the chart indicate shorter latencies to respond

Charting LATENCY

1) Determine the slope and direction of the trend line 2) Using a straight edge and draw a line of best fit through the data serious 3. Ensure equal number of data points intercepting, above or below Celeration line.

Estimating Celeration

The number of minutes the behavior can possibly occur. Charted by dividing one by the number of minutes the behavior could actually occur: 1/Number of minutes behavior could occur IGNORED Minutes occur between the counting time floor and the behavior floor

Behavior floor

The number of minutes spent observing. Charted by dividing one by the number of OBSERVATION Minutes.: 1/Number of observation minutes

Record Ceiling

Is the same as charting the counting time floor, but use a Forward slash to denote on The chart Forward slash / is moving down the chart indicates longer latencies to respond. / moving up the chart indicate shorter latencies to respond

Charting latency

The amount of time it takes for a behavior to occur. Charting on the SCC is the same as charting the counting time a floor, but use a backward/to do note on the chart Backward/is moving down the chart indicate the behavior is occurring for longer periods of time. Backward/is moving off the chart indicate the behavior is occurring faster (Shorter duration of time)

Charting duration

The most critical feature Of the chart An index of Learning Used because behavior changes exponentially (via Multiplication and division)

Celeration

1. Determine the slope and direction of the trend line 2. Use a straight edge to draw a line of best FIT through the data series. 3. Ensure they are an equal number of data points intersecting, falling above, and/or falling below the Celeration line

Estimating Celeration

Draw a line parallel to the CELERATION line and passing through a one online and a Sunday line If the Celeration is decreasing, read frequency at the Previous Sunday line Slopes of x2 or greater are known to result in clinically significant results

Finding Celeration Values

A system of measuring and analyzing behavior using Standard chart Founded by Og Lindsley Put our scientific Tools In the hands of teachers and practitioners. By adhering to this measurement system discovery is made possible.

Precision teaching

Component/Composite relations  Operant classes  Functional relations Functional mastery criteria  Fluency  Aims  RESAA

Discoveries made through precision teaching

A term introduced by Carl Binder word to describe mastery and means accuracy plus speed ( Otherwise known as an Automaticity and second nature) The rate = response probability Selectionist Account. Product of practice

Fluency

Retention (maintenance, memory) Endurance (resistance to distractions/fatigue) Stability (low variability) Application (easily learn next step, generalization) Adduction (emergence of new repertoires)

RESAA

ASR #18 Who was the founder of Precision Teaching? a. B.F. Skinner b. E.L. Thorndike c. Og Lindsley d. None of these

Seemingly polar notions One informs the other Bi-directional relationship Measurement!

Precision and Scope

Standard, absolute, universal Properties of behavior (count and time) Dimensional units Standard visual display enables ease of interpretation Ease of comparison across behaviors, settings, individuals: Scientist-Practitioner, Growth or decay of operants, Emergence of operant classes, On-going functional analyses and, Assessment, becomes synonymous with intervention Celerations produce standard slopes Straight trend lines yield prediction Add scales produce curvilinear lines – prediction not possible Times 2 or greater celeration Clinically significant Statistically significant Broad scale impact Precision yields scope Data display versus data analysis

Benefits to Standard Charting

Human behavior changes.........

Exponentially

Everyone uses them (units of measurement)

Standard Units if time

VALUE does NOT change from one instance to the next

Absolute Units

Unit of Measurement that Applies to every instance

Universal Units

In a standard celebration chart, and increase in duration is indicated by a path that: Moves Up at the Y axis Moves down the Y axis

For timing greater than one minute: count/number of minutes spent recording OR Count x Counting Time Floor Zero Does not appear on the SEC because it does not exist in the multiple world. (Anything multiplied by zero is zero). To chart a frequency of zero a data point (dot), x Or ? This place just below the counting time floor

Charting frequencies

Does not appear on the SEC because it does not exist in the multiple world. (Anything multiplied by zero is zero)

Zero

Seemingly Polar notion’s but one INFORMS the other A bidirectional relationship. Measurement!

Precision and scope

Slope equals…

Change in frequency or Celeration

The amount of time it takes for a behavior to occur. Charting this is the same as charting the counting time floor ( record floor): but use a Backward slash \ Backward \ moving down the shore indicate the behavior is occurring for longer periods of time. Backward \ moving up the chart indicate the behavior is occurring faster (shorter duration of time)

Charting duration