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NSB > 9. Cerebellum, Basal Ganglia, Extrapyramidal System > Flashcards

9. Cerebellum, Basal Ganglia, Extrapyramidal System Flashcards

1
Q

What do the extrapyramidal systems control?

A

Voluntary movement

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2
Q

What does the corticobulbar pathway control?

A

Muscles in the head and neck

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3
Q

Give the corticobulbar pathway

A
  1. Arise from the lateral aspect of the primary motor cortex
  2. Fibres converge and pass through genu of the internal capsule
  3. Go through pyramids of the medulla
  4. Synapse of motor nuclei of cranial nerves
  5. Lower motor neurons to muscles of head and neck
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4
Q

Which cranial nerves are not innervated bilaterally?

A

VII below the eyes

XII

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5
Q

Give the corticospinal pathway

A
  1. Cortex
  2. Posterior limb of internal capsule
  3. 85% decussate in the medulla and enter the lateral corticospinal tract
    Terminate in the ventral horn
  4. 15% remain ipsilateral in the anterior corticospinal tract
    Decussate and terminate in the ventral horn
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6
Q

What are the symptoms of an upper motor neuron lesion?

A

Ipsilateral: weakness, hypertonicity, hyperreflexia, clonus, babinski’s sign

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7
Q

What happens in an upper motor neuron lesion to the facial nerve?

A

Face droops below eye on the contralateral side

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8
Q

What are the symptoms of a lower motor nerve lesion?

A

Ipsilateral: paralysis, muscle wasting, fasciculations, hypotonicity, hyporeflexia

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9
Q

What happens in a lower motor neuron lesion to the facial nerve?

A

Facial muscles are damaged above and below eyes

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10
Q

Where is the cerebellum situated in the skull?

A

Posterior cranial fossa

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11
Q

What membrane surrounds the cerebellum?

A

Tentorium cerebelli

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12
Q

What does the superior cerebellar peduncle connect the cerebellum to?

A

Midbrain

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13
Q

What does the middle cerebellar peduncle connect the cerebellum to?

A

Pons

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14
Q

What does the inferior cerebellar peduncle connect the cerebellum to?

A

Medulla

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15
Q

What is the name of the midline of the cerebellum?

A

Vermis

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16
Q

What are the lobes of the cerebellum?

A

Anterior
Posterior
Flocculonodular

17
Q

What are the functional divisions of the cerebellum?

A

Vestibulocerebellum
Spinocerebellum
Cerebrocerebellum

18
Q

What does the vestibulocerebellum control?

A

Balance

19
Q

What is the main nucleus in the vestibulocerebellum?

A

Fastigial

20
Q

What problems are associated with the vestibulocerebellum?

A

Problems with walking, posture and eye movements

21
Q

What does the spinocerebellum control?

A

Muscle tone and posture

22
Q

What are the main nuclei in the spinocerebellum?

A

Globose and emboliform

23
Q

What does the cerebrocerebellum control?

A

Muscle coordination, planning movement

24
Q

What is the main nucleus in the cerebrocerebellum?

A

Dentate

25
Q

What problems are associated with the cerebrocerebellum?

A

Intention tremor
Nystagmus
Dysdiadokinesis

26
Q

Give the cerebrocerebellar pathway?

A 
1. From pre and post central gyrus
Frontopontine fibres
Pontine nuclei
Pontocerebellar fibres
Opposite cerebellar hemisphere and nuclei
2. Superior cerebellar peduncles to opposite medulla
Ventral lateral nucleus of thalamus
Precentral gyrus
27
Q

What is special about the cerebrocerebellar pathway?

A

Double decussation causes ipsilateral effects

28
Q

What pathway is associated with the vestibulocerebellum?

A

Reticular/vestibular system

29
Q

What pathway is associated with the spinocerebellum?

A

Red nucleus

30
Q

What is contained in the corpus striatum?

A

Caudate
Putamen
Globus pallidus

31
Q

What is contained in the neo striatum?

A

Caudate

Putamen

32
Q

What is contained in the lentiform nucleus?

A

Putamen

Globus pallidus

33
Q

What are the 2 parts of substantia nigra?

A

Pars compacta

Pars reticulata

34
Q

What afferents enter the striatum?

A

Cortex
Thalamus
Pars compacta

35
Q

What efferents leave the striatum?

A

Globus pallidus
Pars reticulata
Cortex
Upper motor neurons

36
Q

What is Parkinson’s caused by?

A

Loss of dopaminergic neurons in pars compacta

37
Q

What is Huntington’s caused by?

A

Loss of neurons in striatum and frontal and parietal cortex

38
Q

What is hemiballismus caused by?

A

Lesion in contralateral subthalamic nucleus

NSB (22 decks)

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