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NSB > 7. Pain > Flashcards

7. Pain Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name given to pain receptors?

A

Nociceptors

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2
Q

What kind of stimuli do nociceptors react to?

A

Mechanical
Chemical
Thermal

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3
Q

What sources do chemical stimuli come from?

A

Damaged cells
Platelets
Immune cells

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4
Q

What chemicals are released from damaged cells?

A

Bradykinins
ATP
Prostaglandins
H+

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5
Q

What chemical is released from platelets?

A

Serotonin

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6
Q

What chemicals are released from immune cells?

A

Cytokines

Chemokines

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7
Q

Which receptors detect cold?

A

TRP A1

TRP M8

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8
Q

What receptor detects heat?

A

TRPV1

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9
Q

What receptor detects protons?

A

ASIC

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10
Q

What receptor detects bradykinin?

A

B1

B2

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11
Q

Which receptors detects mechanical stimuli?

A

DRASIC

mDEG

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12
Q

What kind of fibres are type 1 pain fibres?

A

A-delta

Small, myelinated, fast conduction

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13
Q

What sort of pain is transmitted through A-delta fibres?

A

Sharp, localised and immediate

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14
Q

Where does information from A-delta fibres go?

A

Thalamus and cortex

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15
Q

What NT is used in A-delta fibres?

A

Glutamate

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16
Q

What kind of fibres are type 2 pain fibres?

A

C

Small, unmyelinated, slow conduction

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17
Q

What sort of pain is transmitted through C fibres?

A

Dull, aching pain

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18
Q

Where does information from C fibres go?

A

Limbic system

Hypothalamus

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19
Q

What NT is used in C fibres?

A

Substance P

20
Q

Which sensory pathway does pain travel in?

A

Spinothalamic

21
Q

What tract in the spinal cord do A-delta and C fibres ascend in?

A

Tract of Lissauer

22
Q

Where do A-delta fibres synapse in the dorsal horn?

A

Layers I and V

23
Q

Where do C fibres synapse in the dorsal horn?

A

Layer II (Substantia gelatinosa)

24
Q

When do the pain fibres decussate?

A

Immediately after synapsing with the second order neuron

25
Q

Which receptors does glutamate act on?

A

NMDA

AMPA

26
Q

Which receptor does Substance P act on?

A

NK1

27
Q

What are endogenous opioids?

A

Chemicals released to help modulate pain

28
Q

What are the 3 types of opioid receptors?

A

μ (heat)
δ (Mechanical)
κ (Visceral)

29
Q

What endogenous opioids are released in response to heat?

A

β-Endorphin

Leu-Enkephalin

30
Q

What endogenous opioids are released in response to mechanical stimuli?

A

Leu-Enkephalin

Met-Enkephalin

31
Q

What endogenous opioids are released in response to visceral stimuli?

A

Dynorphin

32
Q

Name 2 endocannabinoids

A

Anandamide

2-arachiodonylglycerol (2-AG)

33
Q

What are endocannabinoids derived from?

A

Arachidonic acid

34
Q

Which receptors do endocannabinoids work on?

A

CB1 (CNS)

CB2 (immune cells)

35
Q

How do endocannabinoids mediate their analgesic effect?

A

Reduce Ca++ in presynaptic neuron to reduce NT release

36
Q

What is gate theory?

A

Non-pain signals can inhibit the transmission of pain signals

37
Q

How does gate theory work?

A

Large diameter Aα and Aβ fibres carrying non-pain stimuli stimulate interneurons in the substantia gelatinosa
Inhibit the transmission of pain between the 1st and 2nd order neurons using GABA and endogenous opioids

38
Q

What are the origins of pathways that modulate pain?

A 
Peri-ventricular and peri-aqueductal grey matter in the midbrain
Rostroventral medulla (raphe nuclei)
39
Q

Which NTs help in the modulation of pain?

A

Serotonin

Noradrenaline

40
Q

What is meant by paresthesia?

A

Pins and needles

41
Q

What is meant by dysesthesia?

A

Burning sensation

42
Q

What is meant by hyperalgesia?

A

Low pain threshold or exaggerated pain response

43
Q

What is meant by allodynia?

A

Pain in response to a stimulus that doesn’t usually cause pain

44
Q

What is meant by deafferention pain?

A

Peripheral nerve lesions

Eg. Phantom limb

45
Q

What is meant by psychogenic pain?

A

Pain that occurs with or without an organic cause, may be disproportionate to the organic cause

NSB (22 decks)

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