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NSB > 8. Consciousness, Unconsciousness, Sleep, EEG > Flashcards

8. Consciousness, Unconsciousness, Sleep, EEG Flashcards

1
Q

What is consciousness?

A

Self-awareness, perception, ability to respond to stimuli and act with judgement

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2
Q

What is sleep?

A

A state of altered consciousness

Person can be aroused by stimuli

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3
Q

Which cycle controls when we sleep?

A

Circadian rhythm

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4
Q

What is a coma?

A

Inability to sense or respond to stimuli

Loss of sleep/wake cycle

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5
Q

What is the scale used to measure a coma?

A

Glasgow scale

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6
Q

What categories are used in the Glasgow scale?

A

Eye opening
Verbal response
Motor response

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7
Q

What are the ranges for severe to mild coma on the glasgow scale?

A

<8 severe
9-12 moderate
>13 mild

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8
Q

What are causes of comas?

A 
Intoxication
Acute neurological injury
Metabolic disorders
CNS infection
Stroke
Hypoxia
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9
Q

How long can a coma last before the patient enters a vegetative state or dies?

A

5 weeks

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10
Q

What is a vegetative state?

A

Unconsciousness in patients with severe brain injury
Have a certain degree of wakefulness (may be able to track objects with eyes)
Lack awareness and cognitive function

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11
Q

What is brain death?

A

Irreversible coma
Loss of pain response and cranial nerve reflexes (fixed pupils, no blink reflex)
Loss of spontaneous respiration

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12
Q

How long does an infradian rhythm last?

A

> 1 day

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13
Q

How long does an ultradian rhythm last?

A

<1 day, > 1 hour

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14
Q

Where is melatonin secreted from?

A

Pineal gland

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15
Q

What stimulates the pineal gland?

A

SCN

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16
Q

What are the functions of melatonin?

A

Induce sleep at night time

Help adjust to seasons and other time zones

17
Q

What sort of brain waves are characteristic of NREM sleep?

A

Slow

18
Q

What happens to HR, BP and temperature during NREM sleep?

A

Decrease: autonomic instability

19
Q

How long are REM cycles?

A

90 mins

20
Q

How many times do REM cycles occur during the night?

A

5-6

21
Q

What are the three parts of a polysomnography?

A

Electroencephalogram
Electroculograph
Electromyogram

22
Q

What is tracked by an EEG?

A

Changes in frequency, amplitude and synchronisation of brain waves

23
Q

What is tracked by an EOG?

A

Eye movements

24
Q

What is tracked by an EMG?

A

Muscle tension in face and leg

25
Q

What are the uses of an EEG?

A

Sleep
Seizures
Altered consciousness

26
Q

What rhythm is present when awake with eyes open?

A

β rhythm

27
Q

What rhythm is present when awake with eyes closed?

A

α rhythm

28
Q

What are the EEG, EOG and EMG results during NREM 1?

A

Theta waves (high amplitude, low frequency)
Slow, rolling eye movements
Slow muscle activity

29
Q

What are the EEG, EOG and EMG results during NREM 2?

A

Slow waves but occasionally rapid spindles/k complexes
Eye movements stop
Spontaneous muscle tone and relaxation

30
Q

What are the EEG findings during NREM 3?

A

Slow delta waves (also stage 4)

Interrupted by smaller, faster waves

31
Q

What are the EEG, EOG and EMG results during REM?

A

Fast, small amplitude brain waves
Rapid eye movements
Flaccidity

32
Q

What are the benefits of sleep?

A 
Improves cognitive ability
Solidify memory
Increase decision making skills
'Eraser' theory
Lack of sleep: increase HR, BP and obesity risk
GH secreted during REM
Increase immunity
33
Q

What controls NREM/REM cycles?

A

Reticular activating system

34
Q

What 2 ascending systems of reticular formation contribute to the RAS?

A

Neurons with ACh

Neurons with NA, serotonin, histamine

35
Q

What happens to neuronal activity during NREM?

A

Both cholinergic and monoaminergic pathways slow down

36
Q

What happens to neuronal activity during REM?

A

Cholinergic neurons fire rapidly

Monoaminergic neurons sop firing

37
Q

What controls the sleep/wake cycle?

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus

38
Q

What does the SCN receive input from?

A

Retina

39
Q

What does the SCN provide signals to?

A

Pre-optic nucleus

Orexin neurons

NSB (22 decks)

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