12. Limbic System and Hypothalamus Flashcards

1
Q

What does the hypothalamus control?

A
Fluid and electrolyte balance
Food ingestion
Thermoregulation
Reproduction
Immune responses
Circadian rhythm
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2
Q

What inputs are brought to the hypothalamus via the blood?

A

Hormones: growth, catecholamines, sex hormones
Chemical: pH, glucose
Physical: temperature, osmolarity

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3
Q

What are the neural inputs to the hypothalamus?

A

Nucleus solitarius in the medulla: barorecptors, chemoreceptors
Reticular formation in pons and medulla: alertness and arousal

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4
Q

What hypothalamic outputs are in the blood?

A

Direct hormone release (ADH, oxytocin)

Stimulation of pituitary (hypophyseal portal system)

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5
Q

What neural outputs does the hypothalamus have?

A

Autonomic effects

Limbic system

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6
Q

Which hypothalamic nuclei are in contact with the posterior pituitary?

A

Supraoptic

Paraventricular

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7
Q

What is produced in supraoptic nuclei?

A

ADH

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8
Q

What are supraoptic nuclei stimulated by?

A

Increased osmolarity

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9
Q

What do paraventricular nuclei produce?

A

Oxytocin

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10
Q

Which hypothalamic nuclei releases trophic hormones for the anterior pituitary?

A

Median eminence

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11
Q

What is Cushing’s syndrome?

A

Excess cortisol

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12
Q

What is Addison’s disease?

A

Adrenal insufficiency

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13
Q

What can the pressure of a hypothalamic/pituitary tumour cause?

A
Compression of the optic chiasma
Bilateral hemianopsia (visual field loss)
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14
Q

What part of the embryonic brain is the hypothalamus part of?

A

Diencephalon

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15
Q

What part of the embryonic brain is the limbic system from?

A

Junction of the diencephalon and telencephalon

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16
Q

What structures are contained in the limbic system?

A
Cingulate gyrus
Mammillary bodies
Fornix
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Septal nuclei
17
Q

Where are the mammillary bodies found?

A

Inferior surface of hypothalamus

Between brainstem and cerebrum

18
Q

What is the function of the mammillary bodies?

A

Short term memory
Smell
Direction

19
Q

What does the fornix connect?

A

Mammillary bodies to the hippocampus

20
Q

Where does decussation occur in the fornix?

21
Q

Where is the hippocampus?

A

Temporal lobe

Under inferior horn of the lateral ventricle

22
Q

What is the function of the hippocampus?

A

Making new memories

23
Q

What is the name for the 3 layers of cells in the hippocampus?

A

Allocortex

24
Q

What is Alzheimer’s caused by?

A

Cortical degeneration, especially in the hippocampus

25
Where is the amygdala found?
Anterior to tip of the hippocampus
26
What does stimulation of the amygdala cause?
Intense emotions: fear and rage
27
What is the result of damage to the amygdala?
Calmness
28
What does stimulation of the nucleus accumbens result in?
Dopaminergic activity | Feeling of wellbeing
29
How does cocaine work?
Inhibits reuptake of dopamine | Dopamine floods the medial forebrain
30
How do amphetamines work?
Stimulate dopamine release
31
What is the motor function of the nucleus accumbens?
Connected to the basal ganglia to cause motor expression of emotion
32
What is the function of the septal area?
Reward and reinforcement
33
What does damage to the septal nuclei result in?
Rage
34
Which components of the limbic system play a role in reward?
Septal nuclei Nucleus accumbens Olfactory regions Brainstem
35
Which components of the limbic system play a role in punishment?
Thalamus Amygdala Hippocampus
36
What is Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome caused by?
Alcohol abuse | Affects B1 absorption which affects the limbic system
37
What are the symptoms of Wernicke encephalopathy?
Confusion and coma Occular signs Ataxia
38
What is ataxia?
Slurred speech, stumbling, incoordination
39
What are the symptoms of Korsakoff Psychosis?
Memory loss and inability to form new memories after recovery