14. Cognition, Assessment, Mental Health

Question 1

What is the forebrain composed of?

Answer 1

Diencephalon

Cerebral hemispheres

Question 2

What features are associated with the diencephalon?

Answer 2

Adaptability
Flexibility
Creativity

Question 3

What is cognition?

Answer 3

Interrelated conscious or unconscious mental activities

Includes memory, visuospatial processing, executive processing

Question 4

What are the functional areas of the frontal lobe?

Answer 4

Primary motor cortex
Premotor cortex
Prefrontal cortex

Question 5

What function is associated with the primary motor cortex?

Answer 5

Gross and fine motor movement

Question 6

What function is associated with the premotor cortex?

Answer 6

Planning and selecting movement

Question 7

What function is associated with the prefrontal cortex?

Answer 7

Integration of sensory info

Question 8

What are the signs of damage to the frontal lobe?

Answer 8

Problems thinking complexly, concentration, executive functions, sequencing and speed
Personality changes
Broca’s aphasia

Question 9

What personality changes are associated with damage to the frontal lobe?

Answer 9

More placid
Disinhibited
Emotional instability
Social difficulty

Question 10

What are executive functions?

Answer 10

Processes that underlie flexible goal-directed behaviour

Ability to achieve insight and awareness

Question 11

What are examples of executive functions?

Answer 11

Shift from one concept to another
Modify behaviour in light of new info
Piece info together
Manage multiple sources of info
Make use of relevant acquired knowledge

Question 12

What test is used to assess executive function?

Answer 12

Wisconsin card sorting test

Question 13

What are the functions of the parietal lobe?

Answer 13

Visuospatial location
Language
Attention
Learning of tasks requiring coordination of body in space

Question 14

What are the functional parts of the parietal lobe?

Answer 14

Primary somatosensory cortex
Somatosensory unimodal association area
Multimodal sensory association area

Question 15

What function is associated with the primary somatosensory cortex?

Answer 15

Receives sensory info

Question 16

What function is associated with the somatosensory unimodal association area?

Answer 16

Further processing of sensory info

Question 17

What function is associated with the multimodal sensory association area?

Answer 17

Integrates visual, auditory and movement stimuli

Question 18

What are the results of damage to the parietal lobe?

Answer 18

Neglect 1/2 field of vision
Apraxia
Agnosia
Difficulty integrating sensory information from various parts of the body
Difficulty with numbers in relation to one another
Difficulty manipulating objects

Question 19

How is damage to the parietal lobe assessed in rats?

Answer 19

Water maze

Question 20

What is apraxia?

Answer 20

Inability to carry out a movement

Question 21

What is agnosia?

Answer 21

Inability to recognise words, numbers or objects

Question 22

What are the functional areas of the occipital lobe?

Answer 22

Primary visual cortex

Visual unimodal association area

Question 23

What function is associated with the primary visual cortex?

Answer 23

Process information from the thalamus

Question 24

What function is associated with the visual unimodal association area?

Answer 24

Processing information from the primary visual cortex

Question 25

What are the results of damage to the occipital lobe?

Answer 25

Anton syndrome Optic ataxia Inability to recognise what is seen

Question 26

What is Anton Syndrome?

Answer 26

Loss of vision in a normal appearing eye Stimuli are received but not processed 'Denial' of vision loss; brain makes up stimuli

Question 27

How is damage to the occipital lobe assessed?

Answer 27

Unable to recognise and recreate a drawing

Question 28

What information is processed in the temporal lobe?

Answer 28

Auditory, gustatory, visceral and olfactory | Facial recognition

Question 29

What are the functional areas of the temporal lobe?

Answer 29

``` Primary auditory cortex Auditory unimodal association area Visual unimodal association area Multimodal sensory association area Limbic association area Amygdala and hippocampus ```

Question 30

What are the functions of the amygdala?

Answer 30

Initial interpretation of sensory stimulus based on memory of past events Fear and aggression

Question 31

What are the functions of the hippocampus?

Answer 31

Context for incoming info Learning and memory Dreams

Question 32

What are the results of damage to the temporal lobe?

Answer 32

Wernicke's aphasia Memory difficulties: left temporal lobe= unable to remember words Right: Unable to remember music Prosopagnosia

Question 33

What is prosopagnosia?

Answer 33

Inability to recognise faces

Question 34

How is damage to the temporal lobe assessed?

Answer 34

Draw an image from memory | Mini-mental state examination

Question 35

What is a healthy score on the mini-mental state examination?

Answer 35

27/30

Question 36

What cognitive deficits are there in someone with schizophrenia?

Answer 36

Attention Working memory Social cognition Language

Question 37

What cognitive deficits are present with depression?

Answer 37

Incapacity for sustained effort due to decreased limbic dopaminergic signalling Problems with decision making and initiating actions Decreased pre-frontal control of emotional processing (bias towards negative stimuli)