9 - Campylobacter Flashcards by Anne-Sophie Hetu

What is a typical Campylobacter Outbreak?

hemorrhagic (bloody) diarrhea after consuming chicken liver pâté

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Washing is insufficient to render chicken livers safe for consumption; they should be cooked to an internal temperature of _______

165°F (74°C).

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

To kill campylobacter you have to cook at an internal temperature of ____ for __ minutes

70C

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What do you need to make chicken liver pâté?

chicken livers
onion
garlic
bay leaf
thyme
1/2 teaspoon of salt
Add water and bring to a simmer
you cook until the livers are barely pink inside (about 3 minutes)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Recent Campylobacter outbreak affected which population?

puppies from Petland stores in few US states

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Do you normally use antibiotics for Campylobacter infections?

yes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_______________ may be associated with increased risk of hospitalization, development of a bloodstream infection, or treatment failure in patients.

Antibiotic resistance

ex: tetracycline, erythromycin, gentamicin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Campylobacter is a gram _______ curved shaped ____

negative

rod

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Why is Campylobacter motile?

Because it has a single polar flagellum at one or both ends

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the relationship between Campylobacter and oxygen?

microaerophilic (ensures its survival in reduced-oxygen environments)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name a few ways you can get infected with Campylobacter?

direct handling of animals
slaughterhouse
undercooked meat
raw milk
contaminated feces
contaminated water
ingestion
fecal run-off

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Campylobacter species can be transmitted to humans through consumption of __________ or _________ food or via contact with __________

undercooked
contaminated
animals

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Tap, bore, and pond waters are also sources of ____________

Campylobacter species

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

T OR F: ingestion of a sufficient dose of organisms via the oral-gastric route may lead to one or more gastrointestinal and/or extragastrointestinal illnesses

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In many areas of the world (including North America) campylobacter cases are reported throughout the year but peak in the __________

summer time

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the mechanisms behind the peak in campylobacter during the summertime?

-ambient temperature may play a role
-human behavior may play a role (barbecuing, and swimming)
-seasonal variation in the occurrence of campylobacter in chicken flocks may also play a role
-

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which type of workers have developed antibody responses to Campylobacter during their employment:

abattoir workers

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Long-term workers shed C.__________ but are asymptomatic, this is unlike new workers who commonly develop clinical signs of C.________ gastroenteritis during their first weeks

jejuni

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are some clinical manifestations of Campylobacter?

brain abscess / meningitis
miller-fisher syndrome
guillain-barré syndrome
gastroenteritis
septicemia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the 2 species of Campylobacter that cause human infection:

C.jejuni

C.coli

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

____% of gastroenteritis cases are caused by C. jejuni and just under __% are caused by C. coli

T OR F: Clinically C.jejuni and C.coli infections are distinguishable

Typically after an incubation period of ________ hours acute diarrhea occurs and may be accompanied by fever, chills. headache, and abdominal cramping

24-72

The diarrhea can range from _______ to _______

loose

bloody

What are the species of Campylobacter that cause periodontitis (rare)? (3)

- C.rectus - C.curvus - C.showae

C. rectus, C. curvus and C. showae can reach the

depths of periodontal pockets using the motility of its flagellum, which appears to be a major pathogenic factor

____________ and __________ are the most extensively studied extraintestinal manifestation associated with Campylobacter infection

Guillain-Barré syndrome | Miller-Fisher syndrome

How does symptoms of GM and MFS generally begin?

with motor and sensory deficits in the lower extremities and spread to the upper extremities the trunk - this can lead to the need for ventilator support

What is the main difference between GB and MFS?

the first nerve groups to be affected by paralysis in patients with MFS are those in the head, resulting in difficulties controlling eye muscles, and balance. Paralysis in other forms of GBS typically begin in the legs

Most cases of GBS occur after C._______ infection

jejuni

T OR F: antibodies have difficulty differentiating bacteria LPS vs myelin sheets

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD) are ______________________________ including Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis

chronic inflammatory conditions of the GI tract

Patients with IBDs have _______ that occur at different sites along the GI track

lesions

What are the factors in play in inflammatory bowel diseases (3):

- GI dysbiosis - Host genetic factors - Disruption of the gastrointestinal epithelium triggered by the environment

T OR F: there is evidence that Campylobacter infection may play a role in IBDs

T but you will hear this statement again for other pathogens

Esophageal diseases inlcude (3):

- gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) - barrett's esophagus (BE) - esophageal adenocarcinoma

T OR F : Bacterial composition of the esophagus differ between healthy individuals and those with GERD or BE.

C. ________ is the dominant species in individuals with GERD and BE

concisus (the mechanism could be that there is a strong esophageal immune response and inflammation in people whose esophagus is colonized with C.concisus and this could lead to symptoms)

Bacteremia and Septicemia is generally associated with: (3)

-C.jejuni -C.coli C.fetus

Most bacteremia cases occur in those who are ___________________

immunocompromised | * of these patients 10-15% will die within 30 days of diagnosis

In developing countries, where Campylobacter is endemic, infection is usually limited to __________– suggesting that exposure early in life may lead to life long protective immunity

children

In the developed world the most common reported sources of Campylobacter infection is _____ (2)

poultry products and water

C.jejuni uses its _________ to swim towards mucosa

flagella

C.jejuni adheres to host cells via numerous _______________

reported and unknown factors

T OR F: There is a correlation between how well C.jejuni adheres to cultured cells and how virulent it is

Virulence factors: CadF is a ____________ PEB1 is a _____________ J1pA is a ______________

fibronectin binding protein periplasmic binding protein surface exposed lipoprotein

CiaB is an _____________ | strains that are deficient in CiaB are less invasive than wild-type strains

exported virulence factor

A Type IV secretion apparatus is encoded on a large plasmid known as ____. The plasmid is very common in patients with blood in their stools (invasive)

pVir

Campylobacter produces a tripartite complex toxin called ______________________(CDT) it is coded for by __________________(3)

cytoleathal distending toxin cdtA, cdtB and cdtC

Explain how the CDT toxin results in diarrhea:

1) CdtA and CdtC bind to the cell membrane and facilitate entry of CdtB 2) CdtB is translocated into the cytoplasm and is transported via the Golgi apparatus to the ER and from there it reaches the nucleus 3) CdtB is though to cause DNA damage and arrest the mitosis cell cycle of the cell 4) This leads to fragmentation of the nucleus, cellular distension, and ultimately cell death 5) This increases the permeability of the epithelium and results in diarrhea