9 - Campylobacter Flashcards
What is a typical Campylobacter Outbreak?
hemorrhagic (bloody) diarrhea after consuming chicken liver pâté
Washing is insufficient to render chicken livers safe for consumption; they should be cooked to an internal temperature of _______
165°F (74°C).
To kill campylobacter you have to cook at an internal temperature of ____ for __ minutes
70C
2
What do you need to make chicken liver pâté?
- chicken livers
- onion
- garlic
- bay leaf
- thyme
- 1/2 teaspoon of salt
- Add water and bring to a simmer
- you cook until the livers are barely pink inside (about 3 minutes)
Recent Campylobacter outbreak affected which population?
puppies from Petland stores in few US states
Do you normally use antibiotics for Campylobacter infections?
yes
_______________ may be associated with increased risk of hospitalization, development of a bloodstream infection, or treatment failure in patients.
Antibiotic resistance
ex: tetracycline, erythromycin, gentamicin
Campylobacter is a gram _______ curved shaped ____
negative
rod
Why is Campylobacter motile?
Because it has a single polar flagellum at one or both ends
What is the relationship between Campylobacter and oxygen?
microaerophilic (ensures its survival in reduced-oxygen environments)
Name a few ways you can get infected with Campylobacter?
- direct handling of animals
- slaughterhouse
- undercooked meat
- raw milk
- contaminated feces
- contaminated water
- ingestion
- fecal run-off
Campylobacter species can be transmitted to humans through consumption of __________ or _________ food or via contact with __________
undercooked
contaminated
animals
Tap, bore, and pond waters are also sources of ____________
Campylobacter species
T OR F: ingestion of a sufficient dose of organisms via the oral-gastric route may lead to one or more gastrointestinal and/or extragastrointestinal illnesses
T
In many areas of the world (including North America) campylobacter cases are reported throughout the year but peak in the __________
summer time
What are the mechanisms behind the peak in campylobacter during the summertime?
-ambient temperature may play a role
-human behavior may play a role (barbecuing, and swimming)
-seasonal variation in the occurrence of campylobacter in chicken flocks may also play a role
-
Which type of workers have developed antibody responses to Campylobacter during their employment:
abattoir workers
Long-term workers shed C.__________ but are asymptomatic, this is unlike new workers who commonly develop clinical signs of C.________ gastroenteritis during their first weeks
jejuni
What are some clinical manifestations of Campylobacter?
- brain abscess / meningitis
- miller-fisher syndrome
- guillain-barré syndrome
- gastroenteritis
- septicemia
What are the 2 species of Campylobacter that cause human infection:
C.jejuni
C.coli
____% of gastroenteritis cases are caused by C. jejuni and just under __% are caused by C. coli
90
10
T OR F: Clinically C.jejuni and C.coli infections are distinguishable
F
Typically after an incubation period of ________ hours acute diarrhea occurs and may be accompanied by fever, chills. headache, and abdominal cramping
24-72
The diarrhea can range from _______ to _______
loose
bloody
What are the species of Campylobacter that cause periodontitis (rare)? (3)
- C.rectus
- C.curvus
- C.showae
C. rectus, C. curvus and C. showae can reach the
depths of periodontal pockets using the motility of its flagellum, which appears to be a major pathogenic factor
____________ and __________ are the most extensively studied extraintestinal manifestation associated with Campylobacter infection
Guillain-Barré syndrome
Miller-Fisher syndrome
How does symptoms of GM and MFS generally begin?
with motor and sensory deficits in the lower extremities and spread to the upper extremities the trunk - this can lead to the need for ventilator support
What is the main difference between GB and MFS?
the first nerve groups to be affected by paralysis in patients with MFS are those in the head, resulting in difficulties controlling eye muscles, and balance. Paralysis in other forms of GBS typically begin in the legs
Most cases of GBS occur after C._______ infection
jejuni
T OR F: antibodies have difficulty differentiating bacteria LPS vs myelin sheets
T
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD) are ______________________________ including Crohn’s disease
(CD) and ulcerative colitis
chronic inflammatory conditions of the GI tract
Patients with IBDs have _______ that occur at different sites along the GI track
lesions
What are the factors in play in inflammatory bowel diseases (3):
- GI dysbiosis
- Host genetic factors
- Disruption of the gastrointestinal epithelium triggered by the environment
T OR F: there is evidence that Campylobacter infection may play a role in IBDs
T but you will hear this statement again for other pathogens
Esophageal diseases inlcude (3):
- gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
- barrett’s esophagus (BE)
- esophageal adenocarcinoma
T OR F : Bacterial composition of the esophagus differ between healthy individuals and those with GERD or BE.
T
C. ________ is the dominant species in individuals with GERD and BE
concisus
(the mechanism could be that there is a strong esophageal immune response and inflammation in people whose esophagus is colonized with C.concisus and this could lead to symptoms)
Bacteremia and Septicemia is generally associated with: (3)
-C.jejuni
-C.coli
C.fetus
Most bacteremia cases occur in those who are ___________________
immunocompromised
* of these patients 10-15% will die within 30 days of diagnosis
In developing countries, where Campylobacter is endemic, infection is usually limited to __________– suggesting that exposure early in life may lead to life long protective immunity
children
In the developed world the most common reported sources of Campylobacter infection is _____ (2)
poultry products and water
C.jejuni uses its _________ to swim towards mucosa
flagella
C.jejuni adheres to host cells via numerous _______________
reported and unknown factors
T OR F: There is a correlation between how well C.jejuni adheres to cultured cells and how virulent it is
T
Virulence factors:
CadF is a ____________
PEB1 is a _____________
J1pA is a ______________
fibronectin binding protein
periplasmic binding protein
surface exposed lipoprotein
CiaB is an _____________
strains that are deficient in CiaB are less invasive than wild-type strains
exported virulence factor
A Type IV secretion apparatus is encoded on a large plasmid known as ____. The plasmid is very common in patients with blood in their stools (invasive)
pVir
Campylobacter produces a tripartite complex toxin called ______________________(CDT) it is coded for by __________________(3)
cytoleathal distending toxin
cdtA, cdtB and cdtC
Explain how the CDT toxin results in diarrhea:
1) CdtA and CdtC bind to the cell membrane and facilitate entry of CdtB
2) CdtB is translocated into the cytoplasm and is transported via the Golgi apparatus to the ER and from there it reaches the nucleus
3) CdtB is though to cause DNA damage and arrest the mitosis cell cycle of the cell
4) This leads to fragmentation of the nucleus, cellular distension, and ultimately cell death
5) This increases the permeability of the epithelium and results in diarrhea
