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Fpathogens > 14 - Antimicrobial Resistance > Flashcards

14 - Antimicrobial Resistance Flashcards

1
Q

Antibiotics can attack the bacterial (3):

A
  • DNA
  • Cell wall
  • Ribosomes
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2
Q

Give examples of Antibiotics that attack the bacterial DNA:

A
  • fluoroquinolones
  • novobiocin
  • nitrofurans
  • nitroimidazoles
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3
Q

Give examples of Antibiotics that attack the bacterial cell wall:

A
  • Beta lactam antibiotics
  • glycopeptides
  • bacitracin
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4
Q

Give examples of Antibiotics that attack the bacterial ribosomes:

A
  • tetracyclines
  • aminoglycosides
  • macrolides
  • chloramphenicol
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5
Q

How do beta-lactams disrupt cell wall synthesis ?

A

Beta-lactams bind to transpeptidase active site blocking its activity and interrupting cross-linking and cell wall synthesis

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6
Q

Transpeptidase catalyzes the cross links between ________________ in the peptidoglycan, the result is covalent bonds between the peptide and sugar chains that create a rigid cell wall that protects the bacteria from osmotic forces that can result in cell rupture

A

glycan changes/ chains

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7
Q

Beta-lactam antibiotics, are similar to the ____________________ (D-Ala-D-ala) that are the ________ for the transpeptidases.

A

natural peptidoglycan subunits

substrate

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8
Q

All beta-lactam antibiotics contain the same core ___________________

A

4-member beta-lactam ring

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9
Q

The beta-lactam ring mimics the shape of the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala peptide sequence that is the substrate for the ____________

A

transpeptidase

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10
Q

T or F: Chemical modification of the structure of penicillins led to the development of synthetic beta-lactams – which have greater spectrums of activity, and greater resistance to _____________, as well as different pharmacokenetic properties

A

T

beta-lactamases

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11
Q

What are the 4 GENERAL resistance mechanisms to Beta-lactams?

A

1- Penetration: intracellular bacteria are resistant to beta-lactams if they are in a mammalian cell
2- Porins: gram negative bacteria are resistant to beta-lactams since the outer cell membrane protects the peptidoglycan, but porins can allow beta-lactams inside. However, some gram-negatives have smaller porins that excludes beta-lactams (general)
3- Pumps: gram negative bacteria can express ABC transporters to pump antibiotics out of the cell
4- Peptidoglycan is absent - some bacteria like mycobacteria lack a cell wall, and are thus not affected by beta-lactam antibiotics

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12
Q

What are the 2 SPECIFIC resistance mechanisms to Beta-lactams?

A

1- Penicillinases - some bacteria can make beta-lactamases that degrade beta-lactam antibiotics before they reach the cell
2- PBPs - some bacteria can express mutated transpeptidases that still has the enzymatic activity for cell wall synthesis, but does not bind to beta-lactam antibiotics

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13
Q

Antibiotic resistance is a _________ threat to humanity and has effects on: global health, food security, development/economics

A

multi-level

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14
Q

T or F: An antibiotic resistant infection can affect anyone, of any age, in any country regardless of immune status

A

T

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15
Q

Antibiotic resistance occurs _________, but overuse of antibiotics in humans and animals has ____________ the process

A

naturally

accelerated

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16
Q

By 2050, ________ people will die due to AMR annually

A

10 million

17
Q

Antibiotics are widely used in : (3)

A
  • human medicine
  • agricultural production
  • food processing
18
Q

T or F: Reducing our meat consumption could reduce the risk of AMR

A

T

19
Q

_______________ were marketed for routine use in agriculture by 1938

A

Sulphonamides

20
Q

In the 1940’s _____________ was found to increase the rate at which poultry gained weight

A

aureomycin

21
Q

Today, in North America, most chickens are fed ________ and ___________, and most beef cattle are fed ___________. Most dairy cattle are treated prophylactically with ________every lactation.

A

bacitracin, ionophores
ionophores
ceftiofur

22
Q

AGPs improve pig growth rate by ___% and feed efficiency by ___%

A
  1. 2

2. 2

23
Q

The WHO has a 5-pronged approach to combatting AMR:

A
  • improve awareness and understanding of antimicrobial resistance
  • to strengthen surveillance and research
  • to reduce the incidence of infection
  • to optimize the use of antimicrobial medicines
  • to ensure sustainable investment in countering antimicrobial resistance
24
Q

Canada’s 3-pronged response to combatting AMR:

A
  • surveillance
  • stewardship
  • innovation
25
Q

T or F: canada categorizes antibiotics based on their importance to human medicine

A

T

26
Q

Category 1 antibiotic = _________ importance + give an example _________

A

very high

fluoroquinolones

27
Q

Category 2 antibiotic = _________ importance + give an example _________

A

high

penicillins

28
Q

Category 3 antibiotic = _________ importance + give an example _________

A

medium

bacitracins

29
Q

Category 4 antibiotic = _________ importance + give an example _________

A

low

ionophores

30
Q

T or F: category 4 antibiotics are currently used in human medicine?

A

F

31
Q

Synercid is a semi-synthetic antibiotic that is approved to treat __________________ in humans

A

MRSA infections

32
Q

________________ confer resistance to synercid

A

virginiamycin acyltransferases

33
Q

__________confers resistance to colistin and bacitracin

A

MCR-1

34
Q

What are some potential strategies to replace antibiotics?

A
  • improved hygiene (vaccinations and new vaccinations)
  • bacteriophages
  • probiotics (new targeted probiotics)
  • antibiotic derivatives
35
Q

Antagonistic inner-bacterial interactions (novel solutions):

A
  • anti-adherence/biofilm
  • growth inhibition
  • quorum-quenching
36
Q

CIPARS stands for:

A

The Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (CIPARS) monitors trends in antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance in selected bacterial organisms from human, animal and food sources across Canada.

Fpathogens (23 decks)

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