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Fpathogens > 17 - HAV > Flashcards

17 - HAV Flashcards

1
Q

T or F: HAV can still happen in North America

A

T

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2
Q

_______________ are a common source of HAV

A

Frozen berries

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3
Q

T or F: It takes a long time for HAV to become symptomatic

A

T, symptoms appear between 15 and 50 days after infection

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4
Q

Symptoms of HAV include:

A
  • yellow eyes
  • yellow skin
  • abdominal pain
  • pale stools
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5
Q

HAV has effects on the human _______

A

liver

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6
Q

When symptoms occur, they typically last _______

A

8 weeks

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7
Q

T or F: acute liver failure may occur, but this is generally limited to elderly patients

A

T

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8
Q

Can HAV spread via the fecal-oral route?

A

YES

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9
Q

_____________________ seafood is a common vector of transmission

A

undercooked contaminated

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10
Q

The _____________ is effective against transmission and is indeed recommended for anyone travelling to areas with lower sanitation standards

A

HAV vaccine

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11
Q

T or F: after a single infection a person is immune for the rest of their life, and the vaccine appears to be effective for life

A

T

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12
Q

T or F: no specific treatment is available for HAV

A

T

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13
Q

________ is recommended and _________ may be used to treat the nausea and diarrhea on as-needed basis

A

Rest

medications

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14
Q

Treatment of acute liver failure, if it occurs, is with a liver _______

A

transplant

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15
Q

About _____ of children in the developing world will have a HAV infection before the age of 10, most of these infections are __________ and these children will then have immunity as adults

A

90%

asymptomatic

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16
Q

Give the characteristic of HAV:

A

ssRNA (+)
non-enveloped
7500 bp long just like polio

17
Q

HAV has one serotype and 7 different genetic groups (____ human and __ non-human primate)

A

4

3

18
Q

The human genotypes are numbered _____

A

I-III

19
Q

6 subtypes have been described:

A 
IA
IB
IIA
IIB
IIIA
IIIB
20
Q

The non-human primate genotypes have been numbered _______

A

IV-VI

21
Q

The HAV encodes a single ______ in which the major capsid proteins are coded for at the ________

A

polyprotein

N-terminal

22
Q

The remainder of the polyprotein encodes a series of _____________ required for HAV RNA replication

A

non-structural proteins

23
Q

A small protein, also known as ______, is covalently linked to the _____ end of the genomic RNA and this probably serves as the protein primer for RNA synthesis

A

VPG

5’

24
Q

Most of this virus appears to be produced in the _____ and reaches intestinal contents by _________ from infected hepatocytes via the ________ system

A

liver
secretion
biliary

25
Q

HAV life cycle:

A
  • HAV binds to cellular receptor and gets into hepatocytes
  • It secretes its +sense ss RNA
  • The + ssRNA can be directly translated into the polyprotein
  • The polyprotein is cleaved to make subunits for the capsid and the things you need for RNA replication
  • +RNA can be reverse transcribed into -RNA which can then be used to make a lot more + RNA
  • +RNA can then be loaded into the assembled capsid
  • The assembled virus is secreted out via the biliary canalicus back into the intestinal tract
26
Q

Two types of antibodies are produced to get rid of the viral infection:

A
  • IgM (immune response to a gastrointestinal infection - peaks around week 6 and gets rid of your infection over time)
  • IgG (peaks at 14 weeks out from the initial infection, IgG remains elevated as the IgM goes down - always stays up and is responsible for lasting immunity towards HAV)
27
Q

______ peaks a couple weeks after the fecal HAV peak

A

ALT

28
Q

ALT is a biomarker of ________

A

liver damage

29
Q

Fecal shedding of the virus reaches its maximum just before the onset of ______________ injury, at which point the individual is most infectious

A

hepatocellular injury

30
Q

______ is short lived but its presence is used to diagnose the illness

A

IgM

31
Q

How do you detect HAV in foods

A
  • Food is collected and suspended in a glycine buffer and mixed for 15 minutes at room temp (the virus will become suspended in the buffer)
  • The supernatant from this mixture (containing the virus) is centrifuged at 170000 x g for 1 hour, at this speed the virus collects in a pellet at the bottom of the centrifuge tube
  • Supernatant is discarded
  • The pellet is resuspended in buffer and added to a QIA shredder to break the viral capsid and release the RNA
  • RNA is precipitated and purified and can then be used in an RT-qPCR reaction to detect its presence

Fpathogens (23 decks)

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