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Fpathogens > 1 - Food is An Ecosystem > Flashcards

1 - Food is An Ecosystem Flashcards

1
Q

Phototrophs eat ____________ and make ____________

A

eat sunlight / CO2, make O2

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2
Q

Anaerobic Methanogens eat ____________

A

CO2

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3
Q

Anaerobic Methanogens make

A

CH4

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4
Q

Aerobic Methanotrophs eat ____________

A

CH4

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5
Q

Aerobic Methanotrophs make ______________

A

CO2

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6
Q

Ecosystem is ___________________

A

a series of interactions between the environment and the organisms that inhabit it

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7
Q

Food ecosystems, like all ecosystems, are impacted by the generation and utilization of ___________

A

energy

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8
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The human (and animal) gastrointestinal tracks are also ecosystems

A

TRUE

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9
Q

Food ecosystems (especially when they include human pathogens) affect _______________, and may result in illness

A

host-ecosystems

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10
Q

Food ecosystems are composed of _______ and ________ factors

A

intrinsic and extrinsic

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11
Q

Intrinsic factors are factors inherent to the food including:

A

pH, water activity, nutrients

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12
Q

Extrinsic factors are factors external to the food

A

Temperature, gaseous atmosphere

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13
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Intrinsic and extrinsic factors may change over time as bacteria grow and produce bi-products

A

TRUE

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14
Q

Food can be heterogenous on a micrometer scale and may contain several ________ (aerobic vs anaerobic)

A

microenvironments

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15
Q

Describe in detail the bacterial growth curve :

A

y-axis: number of bacterial cells
x-axis: time
lag phase, log or exponential growth phase, stationary phase and death phase

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16
Q

Bacteria must have ________ for building the array of chemical substances of which they are composed (anabolism)

A

carbon

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17
Q

Autotrophic (cyanobacteria) bacteria obtain their carbon source from

A

CO2 through carbon fixation

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18
Q

Heterotrophic (Listeria monocytogenes) bacteria obtain their carbon source from

A

organic compounds

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19
Q

Mixotrophic bacteria obtain their carbon source from

A

combining auto and heterotrophy

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20
Q

Bacteria must have a source of ________ for living (catabolism)

A

energy

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21
Q

Chemotrophic bacteria obtain their energy from:

A

external chemical compounds

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22
Q

Phototrophic bacteria obtain their energy from:

A

light

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23
Q

Bacteria must have a source of ______ to be used in energy conservation and biosynthetic reactions

A

electrons

24
Q

Lithotrophic bacteria obtain their reducing equivalents from:

A

inorganic compounds

25
Q

Organotrophic bacteria obtain their reducing equivalents from

A

organic compounds

26
Q

Bacteria must have an electron _________

A

acceptor

27
Q

Aerobic organisms use _______ as a terminal electron acceptor (this is the most energetically favourable reaction)

A

oxygen

28
Q

Fermentation uses _________ as a terminal electron acceptor, therefore, fermentative organisms are considered _________

A

organic carbon, anaerobes

29
Q

If an organism can grow with or without oxygen they are called __________

A

facultative anaerobes

30
Q

succinate fermentation or oxalate fermentation are examples of ______

A

very low energy yielding fermentation reactions

31
Q

Catabolism = energy ________

A

generation

32
Q

Anabolism = energy ________

A

consumption

33
Q

Lactic acid bacteria produce relatively large quantities of ___________

A

lactic acid from carbohydrates (ex: lactobacillus in yogurt)

34
Q

Proteolytic bacteria hydrolyze _______ because they produce _________________ (Clostridium botulinum)

A

proteins, extracellular proteinases

35
Q

Lipolytic bacteria hydrolyze ________. because they produce _____________

A

triglycerides, extracellular lipases

36
Q

Thermophilic bacteria:

A

bacteria that are able to grow at 50C and above

37
Q

Thermoduric bacteria

A

able to survive pasteurization temperatures

38
Q

Psychrotrophic bacteria

A

able to grow at refrigerated temperatures (below or equal to 5C)

39
Q

Cryophilic bacteria

A

able to grow at freezer temperatures (below or equal to 0C)

40
Q

Halophilic bacteria

A

able to survive high salt concentrations (equal or above to 10%)

41
Q

Aciduric bacteria

A

able to survive low pH

42
Q

Osmophilic bacteria

A

able to grow at a higher osmotic environment

43
Q

Spore formers:

A

able to produce spores (C.botulinum)

44
Q

Coliforms:

A

used as an index for sanitation

45
Q

Fecal coliforms:

A

used as an index for sanitation, presence indicates fecal contamination

46
Q

Enteric pathogens:

A

can cause gastrointestinal infection

47
Q

Relative abundance of a specific type of microorganism will depend on _______ and ________

A

intrinsic and extrinsic factors

48
Q

Why is milk a good environment for microbial growth?

A
  • high carbohydrates (lactose)
  • high protein
  • both great sources of carbon and energy for microbial growth
49
Q

Several microbes in fish are _______

A

halophiles

50
Q

Fish harvested from water polluted with human waste can contain several varied pathogens like _________

A

Vibrio cholerae

51
Q

Microorganisms can grow rapidly in fish because of ___________________________

A

high water availability, the pH of the tissue, and the availability of carbon and nitrogen

52
Q

What are the sources of contamination for fruits and vegetables:

A

soil, water, air, animals, insects, birds, equipment, harvesters,etc

53
Q

In canned foods, if pH is lower than 4.6 pathogenic mesophiles ___________

A

cannot germinate and produce illness causing toxins (C.botulinum)

54
Q

If pH is above 4.6 pathogenic mesophiles are not an issue, but if cans are temperature abused (stored over 40C) :

A

thermophilic spores can germinate and cause spoilage

55
Q

T or F: Staphylococcus cannot grow in canned foods, however, it’s toxins can survive the canning process

A

T

Fpathogens (23 decks)

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