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Fpathogens > 7 - Salmonella Enterica > Flashcards

7 - Salmonella Enterica Flashcards

1
Q

What is a typical Salmonella outbreak?

A

Raw egg ziti pasta dish, temperature-abused

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2
Q

Salmonella enterica characteristics:

A
  • gram -
  • non-sporulating
  • facultative anaerobe
  • motile rods
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3
Q

What is the optimal temperature for Salmonella to grow?

A

Between 35-37C, but they have a growth range of 5-54C

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4
Q

Is salmonella easily killed by pasteurization?

A

Yes and salmonella is sensitive to low pH

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5
Q

Salmonella can grow between what pH range?

A

4.5-9.5

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6
Q

Salmonella does not multiply below Aw of ______

A

0.94

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7
Q

___________________ increases as the water activity decreases

A

Heat resistance

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8
Q

Cells can survive under _____________ states for a long time (chicken nuggets, breaded chicken strips, and chocolate can cause outbreaks)

A

frozen or dried

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9
Q

T OR F: It is the only pathogen directly referred to by name in the Canadian Food and Drugs Act

A

T

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10
Q

Why you cannot inactivate salmonella in chocolate by using heat?

A

The heat required to kill salmonella at the low water activity present in chocolate (high sucrose) would burn the sucrose containing chocolate

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11
Q

In the low aw in the chocolate, Salmonella can survive for ______ at room temperature

A

years

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12
Q

________________ is the only one to cause illness in humans

A

Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica

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13
Q

There are >2000 serovars of this subspecies based on the presence of ________________________ antigens

A

somatic, flagellar, and capsular antigens

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14
Q

Which serovars of Salmonella are most commonly associated with foodborne illness:

A

Serovars:

  • Typhymurium
  • Enteritidis
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15
Q

What is Salmonella Enterica serotyping:

A

making antibodies react with the different antigens present on the salmonella: flagella, somatic, capsule

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16
Q

T or F: Salmonella can be transmitted to humans via poultry animals or pet turtles

A

T

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17
Q

Serovars of Salmonella are generally named after the ______________

A

geographic origin

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18
Q

T or F: For the cases of recalls, if it has Salmonella present it is generally considered infectious

A

T

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19
Q

Many food animals and pets harbor serotype __________________ as carriers

A

Typhimurium

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20
Q

Serotype __________ can infect the ovaries of poultry and can be transmitted through eggs and undercooked poultry

A

Enteritidis

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21
Q

Name other vehicles of Salmonella infection:

A
  • fish and shellfish

- fruits and vegetables

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22
Q

Talk about the symptoms and treatments associated with Salmonella:

A
  • Symptoms generally occur 8-72 hrs after ingestion
  • Illness is self-limiting, non-bloody diarrhea, and abdominal pain
  • Symptoms generally resolve within 5 days
  • Uncomplicated cases only require supportive therapy, such as fluids and electrolytes replacement
  • Antibiotics prolong carrier state and increase AMR so they are not generally used
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23
Q

T or F: In immunocompromised people, non-Typhoidal Salmonella infection can manifest as an invasive disease, characterized by bacteremia and a high mortality rate

A

T

24
Q

Salmonella invades phagocytic __ cells and non-phagocytic _________ cells

A 
M
intestinal epithelial (adheres to intestinal cells via fimbriae
25
Q

Once across the epithelium,Salmonellacan efficiently invade further epithelial cells from the ______________ side

A

basolateral

26
Q

Salmonellausually remain localized to ____________, where the host’s _______________ to the invading pathogen is responsible for the symptoms of ____________

A

intestinal tissues
inflammatory response
gastroenteritis

27
Q

Although,S. ser. Typhimuriumcan survive and replicate within macrophages, the invading sub-population will eventually be cleared, likely by host __________.

A

neutrophils

*However, when this fails, ex in the immunocompromised, systemic spread, and bacteremia can occur

28
Q

________________ contain the virulence factors that Salmonella requires during infection

A

Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs)

29
Q

What type of foodborne illness is Salmonella?

A

An infection

30
Q

After ingestion Salmonella activates its _____________ to maintain intracellular pH in the acidic stomach

A

acid tolerance response

31
Q

____________ increases the chance of encountering the epithelium

A

Motility via the Flagella

32
Q

Explain the SPIs virulence factors adhesion and invasion:

A

1) When it gets to the epithelial cells SPI-4 secretes attachment proteins (T1SS) that allows for attachment + adherence to epithelial cells
2) SPI-1 encodes T3SS that inject effectors into eukaryotic cells, causing membrane ruffling which engulfs salmonella cells and allows the endocytic pathway to take fold and to ingest salmonella
3) Salmonella is contained inside a vacuole that can survive inside the cells in a number of ways
4) SPI-2 encodes a lot of genes that are needed for the survival inside the epithelial cells

33
Q

SCV hangs out near the _________ apparatus to intercept vesicles and obtain nutrients

A

Golgi

34
Q

T or F: Host response and inflammation due to bacterial invasion of the intestinal cells, caused by the immune-system leads to diarrhea

A

T

35
Q

__________________ is a protein appendage found in several gram negative bacteria

A

T3SS or injectisome

36
Q

What are the 2 SPI-1 genes involves in adhesion to epithelial cells:

A

SipB

SipC

37
Q

What is pyroptosis:

A

a highly inflammatory form of programmed cell death that occurs most frequently upon infection with intracellular pathogens and is likely to form part of the antimicrobial response

38
Q

AvrA is a SPI-1 gene that targets JNK and _________________

A

inhibits macrophage pyroptosis, so cells infected with salmonella don’t get killed as they should

39
Q

______ is important for intracellular replication (epithelial cells and macrophages) inside the SCVs

A

SPI-2

40
Q

What are the 2 SPI-2 genes that are important:

A

SSEF
SSEG
they promote SCV perinuclear migration

41
Q

SPI-5 encodes SOPE2, SOPE and SigD that lead to cytoskeletal remodeling and induce the ____________ response

A

proinflammatory

42
Q

Inflammation results in gastrointestinal _________

A

dysbiosis

43
Q

Neutrophils release reactive oxygen species which react with thiosulfate in the gut to form a new electron acceptor:

A

tetrathionate

44
Q

SPI-2 encodes the ____ operon which allows Salmonella to use ______________ as a terminal electron acceptor, this allows Salmonella to outgrow its anaerobic competitors

A

ttr

tetrathionate

45
Q

How does Salmonella induce diarrhea?

A

Once Salmonella binds to epithelial cells and injects all the effectors that lead to actin rearrangement, tight juctions get disrupted because of actin rearragement and water is rushed out of the epithelial cells of GI tract and goes to the intestinal lumen = diarrhea

46
Q

T or F: the genes for the virulence factors as well as for antibiotic resistance can occur on the same ______

A

plasmid

47
Q

What are the 2 serovars associated with typhoid salmonella (human restricted): ______________

A

typhi and parathyphi

48
Q

What is the difference between non-typhoid and typhoid salmonella

A

typhoid salmonella causes enteric fever and non-typhoid causes gastroenteritis

49
Q

What are the 2 serovars associated with non-typhoid salmonella (broad-range): ______________

A

typhomurium

enteriditis

50
Q

While non-typhoid Salmonella mostly stays in the _________________ Typhoid spreads wider and results in ______________________

A

gastrointestinal tract

systemic illness

51
Q

Salmonella is spread via the _________________

A

fecal-oral route

52
Q

An _____________________ state generally follows the active infection of typhoid salmonella

A

asymptomatic carrier

-allowing transmission from human-to-human

53
Q

Name 2 antibiotics that can be used for typhoid salmonella in immunocompromised patients:

A
  • ampicillin

- chloramphenicol

54
Q

T or F: Salmonella enterica is the leading cause of foodborne bacterial illness in humans and is mostly linked to poultry and egg consumption

A

T

55
Q

T or F: Salmonella are generally grouped according to serovar, based on antibody reactions with somatic (O) antigen (LPS), and the flagellar (H) antigens

A

T

Fpathogens (23 decks)

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