9

Question 1

what are the risks of low BP

Answer 1

hypotension, inability to exercise, fatigue

Question 2

what are the risks of high BP

Answer 2

aneurysms causing a hemorrgahic stroke

Question 3

which arteries are particurlary at risk in physical stress of hypertension

Answer 3

atheromatous arteries bc theyre less compliant. so high bp can cause atheroma to rupture then become a thrombus or embolus and block arteries

Question 4

what are the two systems that regulate BP and hoe fast do they act

Answer 4

neuronal system (fast acting)
hormonal system (slow acting)

Question 5

what’s the name of the hormonal system that regulates BP

Answer 5

renin angiotensin aldosterone hormonal system

RAA RAA RASPUTIN

Question 6

what type of feedback is the neuronal control of BP

where’s the sensor?

Answer 6

negative feedback
sensor is found in carotid sinus in the internal carotid arterty
other sensor is in aortic sinus above aortic valve

Question 7

what’s one key feature of artery walls in the sinus

Answer 7

they have more elastic fibres and so are more stretchy. they distend during each systole

Question 8

what nerve endings are found in the carotid sinus and what are they sensitive to

Answer 8

sinus nerve endings which are sensitive to the stretch in the sinus wall.

Question 9

what two nerves may the sinus nerve join after it gets excited

Answer 9

glossopharyngeal (9) or vagus cranial nerve. (10)

or both!!!!!!

Question 10

what does carotid body sense

Answer 10

sensor for blood chemistry! like 02 blood levels

Question 11

what cranial nerve does the glossopharyngeal nerve originate from

Answer 11

9 cranial

Question 12

what type of cranial nerve is the glossopharyngeal nerve

Answer 12

mixed nerve.
PRIMARILY sensory (from carotid sinus, tongue, pharynx, larynx
motor (secretomotor. parasympathetic to parotid gland and stylopharyngues)

Question 13

what type of cranial nerve is the vagus nerve

Answer 13

mixed nerve.
sensory (from lungs, heart, oesophagus)
motor (lungs heart oesophagus=

Question 14

where do afferent nerve (vagus and glossopharyngeal) synapse

Answer 14

on nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) of medulla oblongata

Question 15

where is the nucleus of the solitary tract in relation

Answer 15

rostrocaudally within lower medulla

Question 16

what’s the integrating centre for visceral afferents from mouth, throat and neck

Answer 16

the nucleus of the solitary tract

Question 17

what does the nucleus of the solitary tract project to

Answer 17

vasomotor centre.

Question 18

where is the vasomotor centre located

Answer 18

rostral ventrolateral of the medulla

Question 19

what is the function of the vasomotor centre

Answer 19

to go, ok does the info from the sinus match the normal blood BP

Question 20

how does the vasomotor centre correct an inadequate BP

Answer 20

through SNS and PNS

SNS via reticulospinal tract

PNS via nucleus ambiguous

Question 21

what receptors sense the changes to carotid sinus wall

Answer 21

baroreceptor

Question 22

where are baroreceptors located

Answer 22

in carotid sinus

Question 23

what is the response of baroreceptors

Answer 23

AP firing

Question 24

which of high or low BP corresponds to high baroreceptor input and what’s the result

Answer 24

high BP

activation of parasympathetic

Question 25

which of high or low BP corresponds to low baroreceptor input and what’s the result

Answer 25

low BP

activation of sympathetic and INHIBITION of parasympathetic

Question 26

what is the equation for mean arterial output

Answer 26

MAP= CO x total peripheral resistance

Question 27

where do reticulospinal tract axons synapse

Answer 27

on sympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons in the intermediate part (IML) of the lumbar and thoracic ventral horn.

Question 28

where do lateral reticulospinal tract axons arise from

Answer 28

From the reticular formation of the medulla of the brainstem.

Question 29

what hormone do postganglionic neurones release to act on arteriole smooth muscle

Answer 29

noradrenaline on alpha1 adrenergic receptors

Question 30

when the baron¡receptor input is too high what happens

Answer 30

vasomotor centre is inhibited so sympathetic system is shut off
parasympathetic is activated via nucleus ambiguous which stimulates vagus nerve which acts on SA node to slow HR and CO.

Question 31

which of SNS and PNS affects resistance to reduce BP

Answer 31

sympathetic results in vasoconstriction

para only reduces HR

Question 32

what’s the baroreceptor reflex

Answer 32

the observation that electrical stimulation of baroreceptors reduces BP. ​

Question 33

what’s a carotid massage

Answer 33

medical maneuver that can be used to reduce BP or slow down a dangerously rapid heartbeat or to diagnose certain heart rhythm disturbances. Massaging the sinus in this way increases the rate of firing in the sinus nerve and increases vagal output. To perform a carotid massage, you’ll need to massage the area at the base of the patient’s neck, where the carotid artery enters the head. An incorrectly performed CSM can cause serious health repercussions, especially in elderly patients and should only be used by experienced health professionals (see URL below) ​

Question 34

what’s essential or type 1 hyper T

Answer 34

where there is no clear pathology associated with the condition.

Question 35

what’s one theory underlying hyperT

Answer 35

feedback signal has decreased because the receptors in the carotid sinus have come less sensitive to stretch

Question 36

why would the baroreceptors in carotid sinus be less sensitive

Answer 36

bc the walls of the sinus are less elastic than normal so it will require greater pressure to stretch them the normal amount.

Question 37

why do smokers tend to be hypertensive

Answer 37

Cigarette smoking produces free radicals in the blood that damage the arterial endothelium and elastic lamina, resulting in arterial stiffness, inflammation, and alterations to release of relaxing and anti-thrombotic factors. ​
​
If this damage extends to the carotid sinus, this could explain why smokers tend to be hypertensive.
maybe be permanent

Question 38

what conditions are associated with hyperT and why

Answer 38

diabetes I or II bc damages endothelium

type A ppl pron e to chronic stress

Question 39

lifestyle change to fix BP

Answer 39

exercise