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1 Flashcards

1
Q 
what are the borders of the mediastinum?
up
down
left
right
behind
on front of
A

up: thoracic inlet
down: diaphragm central tendon
left: pleural cavity
right: pleural cavity
behind: thoracic vertebrae
on front of: sternum and costal cartilage

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2
Q

What structures make up the superior mediastinum from anterior to posterior

A 
thymus 
SVC
brachiocephalic vein
phrenic nerve
aortic arch,
ascending aorta, 
vagus nerve and recurrent laryngeal nerve
trachea,
oesophagus,
thoracic duct
lymphatic trunk
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3
Q

What structures make up the inferior mediastinum

A

IVC, descending aorta
heart
oesophagus

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4
Q

what is the plane that separates superior and inferior mediastiumn and at what level is it (ribs and vertebrae)

A

trans thoracic plane
AT manurial sternal angle
t4/5
rib 2

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5
Q

what is the name of the plane right under the inferior mediastinum and at what vertebrae level is it

A

xiphisternal junction at T9

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6
Q

what is supine?

A

lying down

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7
Q

relationships par rapport au mediastinum are usually in given based on supine or standing position?

A

supine

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8
Q

when STANDING, where are the arch of the aorta and carina (trachea bifurcation)

A

arch of aorta: transected by trasnthoracic plane

carina: under trans thoracic plane

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9
Q

when SUPINE, where are the arch of the aorta and carina (trachea bifurcation)

A

arch of aorta: above trasnthoracic plane

carina: transected by trans thoracic plane

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10
Q

what intercostal spaces foes the heart run to and from

A

ICS 2 to 5/6

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11
Q

where is heart apex located

A

midclavicular line 5th ICS

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12
Q

which of vagus and phrenic nerve is more lateral

A

phrenic nerve is lateral
vagus nerve is medial

think of KLMNOPQRSTUVWX (p is before V)

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13
Q

what does the vagus nerve innervate

A

oesophagus
heart
bronchi

think of vague de BHOté

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14
Q

where does the phrenic nerve originate

A

C3, C4, C5

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15
Q

where does the vagus nerve originate

A

cranial nerve 10

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16
Q

what does the phrenic nerve innervate

A

motor to diaphragm

sensory to pericardium, mediastinum and pleura

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17
Q

which of these two is bound higher up, right recurrent laryngeal nerve or left recurrent laryngeal nerve?

A

right recurrent laryngeal nerve

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18
Q

what ar the R and L recurrent laryngeal nerves branches of

A

the vagus nerve

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19
Q

what artery does the R recurrent laryngeal nerve pass under

A

the right subclavian artery

20
Q

what artery does the L recurrent laryngeal nerve pass under

A

the arch of the aorta

21
Q

what is the superior laryngeal nerve a branch of

A

the vagus nerve

22
Q

what are three branches of the vagus nerve

A

superior laryngeal nerve
R recurrent laryngeal
L recurrent laryngeal

23
Q

how can you identify phrenic nerve paralysis

A

elevation of one side of the diaphragm where the paralysis occurred

24
Q

What vertebrae levels does trachea run from

A

C6-T4 (ends at trasnthoracic plane)

25
Q

aorta arches over what structure

A

left main bronchus

26
Q

What vertebrae levels does oesophagus run from

A

C6-T10

immediately posterior to trachea

27
Q

which way does the oesophagus incline

A

left (think that it goes to stomach)

its compressed by arctic arch (t4) and left main bronchus

28
Q

what vertebrae levels is aortic arch

A

t4 (transhtoracic plane where carina is)

29
Q

What structures make up the inferior mediastinum from anterior to posterior

A

Thymus (ANT)

MIDDLE
Pericardium and heart

POST
primary bronchi
oesophagus and oesophageal plexus
descending aorta
thoracic duct
azygous and hemiaxygous vein
30
Q

name the layers of the heart from outer to innermost

A 
fibrous pericardium
parietal pericardum
visceral pericardium (epicardium)
myocardium
endocardium
31
Q

what ligament connects the fibrous pericardium to the central tendon of the diaphragm

A

pericardiophrenic ligament

32
Q

what layers form the serous pericardium

A 
parietal pericardum
visceral pericardium (epicardium)
33
Q

azygous vein system has a collection point role, a drainage role and an attachment role for which structures

A

collection point for INTERNAL thoracic veins and drainage of thoracic regions, attaches sup and inf VC

34
Q

what blood vessels supply the posterior and anterior thoracic wall

A

posterior intercostal arteries

anterior intercostal arteries

35
Q

what are the posterior intercostal arteries branches of

A

the descending aorta

36
Q

what are the anterior intercostal arteries branches of

A

internal thoracic artery, which is a branch of subclavian artery

37
Q

how many posterior intercostal arteries are there

A

12

1 and 2 branch off from the costocervical trunk which comes off subclavian artery

38
Q

what part of the intercostal space do anterior and posterior intercostal arteries AND VEINS run in

A

upper part. they anastomose in the middle.

smaller collateral branches run under

39
Q

at what vertebrae level fo the azygous and hemiaxygous veins bifurcate

A

t8

40
Q

what types of veins are azygous and hemiazygous veins and where ae they found

A

posterior intercostal veins

on either side of the vertebral column

41
Q

which is in the left and right enter azygous and hemiazygous

A

azygous right

hemiazygous left aves accessory hemiazygous

42
Q

what is the azygous vein a union of

A

right lumbar vein and right subcostal vein

43
Q

what is the hemiazygous vein a union of

A

left lumbar vein and left subcostal vein

44
Q

what is the accessory hemiazygous vein a union of

A

4th to 8th POSTERIOR intercostal vein.

45
Q

at what level does the accessory hemiagous drains int azygous

A

t7

Cardioresp (23 decks)

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