1 Flashcards
what are the borders of the mediastinum? up down left right behind on front of
up: thoracic inlet
down: diaphragm central tendon
left: pleural cavity
right: pleural cavity
behind: thoracic vertebrae
on front of: sternum and costal cartilage
What structures make up the superior mediastinum from anterior to posterior
thymus SVC brachiocephalic vein phrenic nerve aortic arch, ascending aorta, vagus nerve and recurrent laryngeal nerve trachea, oesophagus, thoracic duct lymphatic trunk
What structures make up the inferior mediastinum
IVC, descending aorta
heart
oesophagus
what is the plane that separates superior and inferior mediastiumn and at what level is it (ribs and vertebrae)
trans thoracic plane
AT manurial sternal angle
t4/5
rib 2
what is the name of the plane right under the inferior mediastinum and at what vertebrae level is it
xiphisternal junction at T9
what is supine?
lying down
relationships par rapport au mediastinum are usually in given based on supine or standing position?
supine
when STANDING, where are the arch of the aorta and carina (trachea bifurcation)
arch of aorta: transected by trasnthoracic plane
carina: under trans thoracic plane
when SUPINE, where are the arch of the aorta and carina (trachea bifurcation)
arch of aorta: above trasnthoracic plane
carina: transected by trans thoracic plane
what intercostal spaces foes the heart run to and from
ICS 2 to 5/6
where is heart apex located
midclavicular line 5th ICS
which of vagus and phrenic nerve is more lateral
phrenic nerve is lateral
vagus nerve is medial
think of KLMNOPQRSTUVWX (p is before V)
what does the vagus nerve innervate
oesophagus
heart
bronchi
think of vague de BHOté
where does the phrenic nerve originate
C3, C4, C5
where does the vagus nerve originate
cranial nerve 10
what does the phrenic nerve innervate
motor to diaphragm
sensory to pericardium, mediastinum and pleura
which of these two is bound higher up, right recurrent laryngeal nerve or left recurrent laryngeal nerve?
right recurrent laryngeal nerve
what ar the R and L recurrent laryngeal nerves branches of
the vagus nerve
what artery does the R recurrent laryngeal nerve pass under
the right subclavian artery
what artery does the L recurrent laryngeal nerve pass under
the arch of the aorta
what is the superior laryngeal nerve a branch of
the vagus nerve
what are three branches of the vagus nerve
superior laryngeal nerve
R recurrent laryngeal
L recurrent laryngeal
how can you identify phrenic nerve paralysis
elevation of one side of the diaphragm where the paralysis occurred
What vertebrae levels does trachea run from
C6-T4 (ends at trasnthoracic plane)
aorta arches over what structure
left main bronchus
What vertebrae levels does oesophagus run from
C6-T10
immediately posterior to trachea
which way does the oesophagus incline
left (think that it goes to stomach)
its compressed by arctic arch (t4) and left main bronchus
what vertebrae levels is aortic arch
t4 (transhtoracic plane where carina is)
What structures make up the inferior mediastinum from anterior to posterior
Thymus (ANT)
MIDDLE
Pericardium and heart
POST primary bronchi oesophagus and oesophageal plexus descending aorta thoracic duct azygous and hemiaxygous vein
name the layers of the heart from outer to innermost
fibrous pericardium parietal pericardum visceral pericardium (epicardium) myocardium endocardium
what ligament connects the fibrous pericardium to the central tendon of the diaphragm
pericardiophrenic ligament
what layers form the serous pericardium
parietal pericardum visceral pericardium (epicardium)
azygous vein system has a collection point role, a drainage role and an attachment role for which structures
collection point for INTERNAL thoracic veins and drainage of thoracic regions, attaches sup and inf VC
what blood vessels supply the posterior and anterior thoracic wall
posterior intercostal arteries
anterior intercostal arteries
what are the posterior intercostal arteries branches of
the descending aorta
what are the anterior intercostal arteries branches of
internal thoracic artery, which is a branch of subclavian artery
how many posterior intercostal arteries are there
12
1 and 2 branch off from the costocervical trunk which comes off subclavian artery
what part of the intercostal space do anterior and posterior intercostal arteries AND VEINS run in
upper part. they anastomose in the middle.
smaller collateral branches run under
at what vertebrae level fo the azygous and hemiaxygous veins bifurcate
t8
what types of veins are azygous and hemiazygous veins and where ae they found
posterior intercostal veins
on either side of the vertebral column
which is in the left and right enter azygous and hemiazygous
azygous right
hemiazygous left aves accessory hemiazygous
what is the azygous vein a union of
right lumbar vein and right subcostal vein
what is the hemiazygous vein a union of
left lumbar vein and left subcostal vein
what is the accessory hemiazygous vein a union of
4th to 8th POSTERIOR intercostal vein.
at what level does the accessory hemiagous drains int azygous
t7
