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Cardioresp > 14 > Flashcards

14 Flashcards

1
Q

How does the kidney make urine that is more concentrated than plasma?

A

kidney can concentrate the urine up to 4 times of the plasma osmolarity of ~300 mosmol/l.

Concentrated urine can only be formed if there is concentrated fluid in the extracellular space in the renal medulla​
​
In the normal kidney, the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid in the renal medulla is much higher than that of plasma

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2
Q

whats the vasa recta

A

capillary network surrounding the loops of Henle of juxtamedullary neurones

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3
Q

where are NA pumps

A

distal convoluted tubule

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4
Q

which tubule is the thin? thick?

A

thin is descending
thick is ascending
thick bc impermeable to water

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5
Q

what side of the epithelial cells is sodium pumped out of

A

basal

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6
Q

name of Chanel that takes 2cl k and na from urine to capillaries

A

NKCC2

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7
Q

what mechanisms regulate blood volume?

A
  1. neuronal sensors in the right atrium which have stretch receptors
    Send afferents nerve fibres to medullary cardiovascular centres.
  2. hormones. triggered by nerve impulse. stretch cells in RA release ANP. which increases water loss so lower blood volume.

Muscle cells in ventricles can release BNP. same mechanism.

  1. osmoreceptors in hypothalamus (supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei) take to posterior pituitary capillaries. secrete ADH.
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8
Q

which hormone decreases water loss

A

renin and aldosterone

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9
Q

which receptors sense osmolarity changes and release ADH as a result

A

osmoreceptors in hypothalamus (supraoptic and para ventricular receptors)

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10
Q

what senses blood sodium levels

A

sodium detectors in kidneys

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11
Q

what senses blood volume

A

hormonal and neuronal receptors in atria

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12
Q

If blood volume is too high but osmolarity and sodium levels are normal, what mechanism fixes the problems

A

the hormonal and neuronal receptors in the right atrium which release ANP and BNP to increase water loss

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13
Q

If blood volume is too high and osmolarity & sodium levels are low, what mechanism fixes the problems

A
  1. osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus which sends axons down to posterior part of pituitary capillaries to release ADH
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14
Q

After haemorrhage blood volume will be low; osmolarity and sodium will also be low due to water moving into blood from tissues. what mechanism fixes the problems

A

you want tp increase blood volume and osmolarity
so
hypothalamus surpaoptic and paraventral axons send to the posterior pituitary in capalaries to release ADH.

you can also reduce ANP and BNP recreation from the right atrium.

increase renin and aldosterone action.

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15
Q

what behaviour do osmoreceptors so supraoptic and paraventral nuclei of hypothalamus also trigger

A

thirst

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16
Q

which has a greater osmolarity, ECF in medulla or plasma

A

ECF in medulla

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17
Q

osmolarity of medulla )you know this=

A

1200 mmosml/L

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18
Q

where are aquaporins found

A

in descending limb of LoH.

19
Q

what happens in ascending part of LoH

A

MEMBRANE PUMPS MOVE SODIUM AND CHLORIDE IONS FROM PLASMA TO EXTRACELLULAR SPACE BY ACTIVE TRANSPORT.​

20
Q

what vasculature supplies the loop of hence

A

vasa recta

21
Q

whats the osmolarity of the fluid entering the DCT

A

100 mols/L

22
Q

in the ascending loop of H what mechanism transports na out

A

theres a ROMK receptor that transports K out fo the cell into capillaries. this makes capillary side more positive w a voltage difference of 80 mV.
so Na
K
2Cl move other way, toward blood.

23
Q

in the ascending loop of H where does Na go to and from

A

from the urine (basal side) to the ISF (blood)

24
Q

how do Cl and Na and K make it to ISF

A

NAKCC from urine to cells
NAK pump
CL and K via passive diffusion

25
Q

what is the mode of action of loop diuretics

A

act on loop of henle

block the action of NAKCC (furosemide)

26
Q

what kind of drug is furosemide and on what Chanel does it act on

A

loop diuretic

ascending loop of h

27
Q

what can high doses of furosemide cause

A

hearing loss bc NAKCC transporter exists in ear too

28
Q

where does fine tuning of active transport of material takes place

A

distal CT

29
Q

what is the site of ADH action

A

CD

30
Q

what is the role of urea and where does it act

A

on CD
it gets pumped into the ISF to concentrate the medulla
concentrated medulla makes more concentrated urine.

31
Q

does all urea get reabsorbed in ISF and medulla

A

no some of it gets reabsorbed in ascending loh to contribute to urea cycle

and some is lost in urine.

32
Q

where does most urea go

A

medulla via ISF

33
Q

what type of transport transports urea from CD to AL of LOH

A

active

34
Q

explain the countercurrent multiplier mechanism of urine concentration

A

pumping out salt into ECF around LOH to concentrate urine (urea cycle)

35
Q

what provides countercurrent exchange

A

vasa recta to preserve concentration gradient despite a blood flow through the vasa recta.

36
Q

how is the pumping of salts in ECF compensated

A

via countercurrentexchange action of vasa recta.

37
Q

what are the different types of diuretics that exist

A

1) thiazide diuretics,
2) ‘loop’ diuretics such as furosemide,
3) aldosterone antagonists spironolactone​

38
Q

whats the effect of ethanol on ADH action

A

inhibits ADH release so more urine. like water!

39
Q

how do animals live in very cold weathers

A

countercurrent exchange

40
Q

whats water diuresis

A

you drink too much water
ADH release is inhibited
highly diluted urine
you get DIABETER INSIPIDUS

41
Q

whats osmotic diuresis

A 
if too much glucose in blood. 
doesn't get absorbed like it should
so it stays in urine
that drives salts to urine. 
drives water to urine
so you get DIABETES MELLITUS
42
Q

what causes diabetes insipidus

A

water diuresis

43
Q

what causes DIABETES MELLITUS

A

osmotic dirusis

think of Miel

Cardioresp (23 decks)

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