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Cardioresp > 20 > Flashcards

20 Flashcards

1
Q

which vessels act as the main site for exchange of substances between the blood and extracellular fluid

A

capillaries

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2
Q

what layers form the aorta and what is each layer made up of

A

tunica Adventitia (collagen and supported by external elastic lamina)

tunica media (smooth muscle, elastic tissue and collagen)

tunica intima (endothelial cells)

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3
Q

diameter of aorta

A

25mm

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4
Q

diameter of artery

A

4mm

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5
Q

diameter of vena cava

A

30mm

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6
Q

arteriole

A

30 micrometer

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7
Q

what are macro vessels

A 
aorta
artery
vein
vena cava
arteriole
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8
Q

what are micro vessels

A

terminal arteriole (10 micrometer
capillary 8microm
venule 20 microm

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9
Q

how many layer make up the capillaries

A

3 single layer of endothelial cells

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10
Q

function of precapillary sphincter

A

open close vessels and can act as a shunt

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11
Q

what are arteriovenous anastomoses

A

a connection between an arteriole and a venule

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12
Q

arteriovenous malformation pathophys

A

tangles of abnormal blood vessels (nidus) in which the feeding arteries are connected directly to venous drainage system (with no capillary bed)
So
+that area is DEPRIVED of exchange (not enough O2 and nutrients will be exchanged)

high pressure goes to low pressure vessels… so can lead to aneurysm or haemorrhage

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13
Q

capillaries funciton

A

control BP

exchange of nutrients and O2

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14
Q

what are the three types of capillaries

A

continuous capillaries
fenestrated capillaries
discontinuous capillaries

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15
Q

is there smooth muscle in capillary walls

A

no

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16
Q

where are continuous capillaries found

A

skin
muscle
lung
CNS

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17
Q

where are fenestrated capillaries found

A

exocrine glands
renal glomeruli
intestinal mucosa

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18
Q

which is most common type of capillary

A

continuous capillaries

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19
Q

what links endothelial cells in continuous capillaries

A

tight junctions

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20
Q

what are caveolae

A

transport vesicles

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21
Q

what organs would need a continuous capillary with lots of cavelolae

A

skeletal muscle lung skin

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22
Q

what organs would need a continuous capillary with few cavelolae

A

CNS

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23
Q

which types allow free passage of proteins

A

discontinuous capillaries

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24
Q

what do continuous and fensetraed capillaries allow free passage of

A

water and ions (salt)

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25
Q

how do things go into capillaries

A

diffusion (liais soluble substances)

movement through intercellular clefts (water soluble stuff)

movement through fenestrations (water soluble substances)

transport via vesicles (pinocytic vesicles) or caveolae (large substances=

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26
Q

what does the amount of solutes able to be diffused depend on

A

area x concentration gradient x diffusion coefficient

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27
Q

what does the amount of solutes able to be diffused depend on

A

surface area x concentration gradient x diffusion coefficient

28
Q

the rate of diffusion of a substance through any membrane is proportional to

A

the concentration difference between the two sides of the membrane.

29
Q

why does blood move from blood to tissue

A

bc oxygen concentration is lower in tissue

30
Q

what’s paracellular transport

A

transfer of substances across an epithelium by passing though the intercellular space between the cells (in kidneys)

31
Q

what drive water movement across capillary endothelium

A

hydrostatic pressure

oncotic pressure

32
Q

hydrostatic pressure is driving filtration at what end and why

A

arteriole end bc hydrostatic pressure is greatest

33
Q

hydrostatic pressure is driving reabsorption at what end and why

A

venus end bc hydrostatic pressure is lowest

34
Q

what’s the normal hydrostatic pressure of interstitial fluid

A

0

35
Q

what substances set the capillary colloid osmotic pressure and how much is it

A

plasma proteins

26mmHg

36
Q

what’s the interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure

A

very small, 1mmHg

37
Q

net filtration pressure (NFP) equation

A

(HPc - HPif) - (OPc - OPif)

HPv - HPif) - (OPv - OPif

38
Q

HP in arterial end

OP in arterial end

A

35 mmHg

26 mmHg

39
Q

HP in venous end

OP in venous end

A

17 mmHg

26 mmHg

40
Q

HP interstitial fluid

OP interstitial fluid

A

0 mmHg

1 mmHg

41
Q

what’s the NFP in venous end

A

-8 mmHg

42
Q

what’s the NFP in arterial end

A

10 mmHg

43
Q

why does fluid leave capillaries at arterial end

A

because of hydrostatic pressure

44
Q

why does oncotic pressure stay the same across capillaru

A

bc proteins don’t normally leave capillaries

45
Q

where does surplus fluid go

A

lymphatic system

46
Q

how many litres of plasma pass though capillaries per day

A

4000L

47
Q

how much plasma is filtered

A

0.1 0.2%

48
Q

how much fluid moves from capillaries to interstitial fluid every day

A

4-8 L

49
Q

key characteristics of lymphatic capillaries

A

valves so lymph travels away from tissue

made up of endothelium with large intercellular gaps surrounded by permeable BM

50
Q

what do lymph capillaries do with excess fluid

A

send it to circulation via lymph nodes

send it to circulation via subclavian artery

51
Q

whats an oedema

A

increased volume in the interstitial compartment that leads to tissue swelling

52
Q

symptoms of oedema

A

swollen puffy ankles feet legs

shiny stretched or red skin

53
Q

where do systemic oedema fist occur

A

in lower region of body like ankles

54
Q

how to physical exam oedema

A

put pressure in area for 5 10 secods

you get pitting oedema like it doesn’t bounce back

55
Q

what can be a Benin cause of what could look like an edema

A

venous pressure build-up in the legs afters tanning for too long

56
Q

what causes oedema

A

increased secretion or filtration of fluid into the interstitial space or impaired removal of this fluid

57
Q

what determines the amount of interstitial fluid

A

fluid homeostasis

58
Q

factors precipitating oedema

A
  1. increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
  2. decreased plasma oncotic pressure
  3. increased capillary permeabiliity
  4. lymphatic obstruction
59
Q

give an example for increased hydrostatic pressure

A

in Heart failure

venous pressure increases so driving force into ISS decreases so reabsotrion decreases and fluid buildsup

60
Q

give an example for the cause of decrease plasma oncotic pressure

A

Kwashiorkor

61
Q

main factor that regulates fluid balance

A

plasma oncotic pressure

62
Q

whats Kwashiorkor

A 
sever malnutrition
deficiency in dietary protein
lack of proteins in blood and tissues
reduced OPs
pitting edema
water retention in gut
63
Q

give an example for increased capillary permeability

A

vascular damage burn trauma
water flows more freely
may allow more molecules to pass through so
OP decreases

64
Q

what causes primary lymphedema

A

genetic cause or malformation of lymphatic system

65
Q

what causes secondary lymphedema

A

damage to lymphatic system due to surgery or radiation tissue injury

66
Q

whats more common primary or secondary lymphedema

A

secondary

67
Q

treatments for oedema

A

drugs that promote loss of sodium and water
diuretics

either osmotic diuretics (increase water excretion= or loop diuretics (increase sodium excretion, natriuresis=

Cardioresp (23 decks)

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