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Cardioresp > 13 > Flashcards

13 Flashcards

1
Q

whats the name of the tube that carries urine to bladder

A

ureter

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2
Q

whats the name of the tube that carries urine from bladder to outside world

A

urethra

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3
Q

which is above the order renal artery or renal vein

A

artery

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4
Q

what does the renal artery and veins branch to

A

interlobular arteries

interlobular veins

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5
Q

whats the final branch of renal arteries

A

glomeruli (many capillaries)

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6
Q

where are glomeruli found

A

cortex

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7
Q

what encloses glomerulus

A

bowman capsule (epithelium layer)

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8
Q

what type of capillaries are inside Romans capsule

A

fenestrated

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9
Q

whats the first stage of urine formation

A

filtering of plasma from the glomerular capillaries into the space of the capsule​

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10
Q

where does the capsular space empty

A

proximal convoluted tubule

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11
Q

what percentage of the blood is filtered through glomerulus (filtration fraction)

A

20%

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12
Q

which arteriole has greater diameter afferent or efferent

A

afferent

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13
Q

is there a drop or an increase in pressure entre afferent and efferent

A

drop

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14
Q

what mechanism drives fluid through the capillaries endothelium to bowman space

A

filtration pressure caused by high pressure in afferent

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15
Q

function of podocytes and where re they found

A

control size of particles that can go out
glucose is filtered but protein are not

on festered capillaries of glomerulus

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16
Q

what can cause proteinuria

A

infection so podocytes inflamed so more space between them so proteins can get through

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17
Q

where in the kidney is the loop of hence

A

medulla

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18
Q

which is longer distal or proximal convoluted tubule

A

proximal

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19
Q

what makes up a nephron

A 
bowman capsule
proximal convoluted
loop of H
distal convol
collecting duct
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20
Q

whats in urine but not filtered in bowman capsule how are they filtered

A

dyes nad antiobiotcs

secreted by peritubular capillaries near proximal convoluted tubules

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21
Q

whats the physical pressure in glomerular capillaries

A

55 mmHg

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22
Q

Net Filtration Pressure equation

A

NFP = (HP in capillaries - OP in capillaries) - (HP capsule- OP capsule)

23
Q

physical pressure of fluid in capsule

A

15 mmHg

24
Q

osmotic pressure in capsules

A

0 bc no proteins

25
Q

Net Filtration Pressure in bowman capsule

A

10 mmHg

26
Q

systemic cardiac output flows through the kidneys each minute

A

1.2 L/min

27
Q

Glomerular filtration rate and normal value

A

The total amount of fluid filtered through ALL the glomeruli in BOTH kidneys in a fit adult is about

120-125 mL/min

28
Q

Renal plasma flow and normal value

A

blood flow through kidney

680mL/min

29
Q

normal urine flow for adult

A

1mL/min

30
Q

how much of filtrated fluid appears in urine

A

1%

31
Q

where does water reabsorption happen

A

proximal tubule mostly (2/3)

rest in loop of H and distal tubule

32
Q

how does reabsorption happen

A

sodium is pumped out by NaK pumpkin BASAL SIDE
water follows
glucose follows
and goes to interstitial fluid d then to peritubular capillaries

33
Q

which side of epithelial cells has the NAK pumps

A

basal

34
Q

how to measure GFR

A

Clearence
measured in units of volume/time (litres/minute).
It is the effective volume of plasma completely ‘cleared’ of a substance per minute.

35
Q

is mthg is not removed from plasma at all, whats the clearance

A

0

36
Q

​

whats the clearance if smthg is Removed at same rate as water passes through glomeruli:

A

GFR

37
Q

​

whats the clearance if smthg is Removed at same rate as water passes through glomeruli:

A

Completely removed from blood passing through kidney: Clearance = RPF​
​

38
Q

what happens to GFR if kidney is damaged

A

decreases

39
Q

clearance measure equation

A

C= ( [Urine] / [Plasma] ) x [Volume of urine per minue]​

40
Q

clinically measure GFR

A

1) measure the concentration of the substance in the plasma,
2) collect urine for a fixed period to get the urine flow (ml/min), and
3) measure the concentration of the substance in the urine

41
Q

gold standard of measuring GFR

A

clearance of creatinine BUT overestimates by 10 20% bc some is secreted.

42
Q

why is creatine gold stsndard

A

bc steady state in blood

43
Q

how can you get an approximation of kidney function

A

from blood creatinine concentration

44
Q

how can you measure renal plasma flow

A

clearence using paraaminohipuric acid bc its completely secreted

45
Q

*Normal creatinine clearance: ​

A

women 88-128 mL/min: ​

men 97 to 137 mL/min.

46
Q

does GFR change with changes in BP

A

NO

its auto regulated

47
Q

does Renal blood flow change with changes in BP

A

NP

48
Q

kidney blood flow is controlled

A

by kidney itself (EPO)

49
Q

Explain the auto regulation of the kidneys

A

The GFR is regulated by the balance of constriction in the smooth muscle of the afferent and efferent arterioles; this maintains GFR constant despite changes in systemic blood pressure
The constrictor tone in the efferent arterioles is higher than in the afferents, producing a filtration pressure in the glomerulus. ​
​
If the afferents constrict and the efferents relax, this lowers the the filtration pressure and thus GFR​
​
if the afferents relax and the efferents contract, this raises filtration pressure and GFR ​

50
Q

The balance between the constriction in afferent and efferent arteriolar smooth muscle is controlled by

A

the juxtaglomerular apparatus. This is a structure where the distal tubule folds back and contacts the glomerulus at the point where the afferent and efferent arterioles enter.

51
Q

Cells in the macula densa functions

A

Detect the concentration of sodium in the distal tubular fluid. If sodium levels are low, this indicates that GFR is too low. The macula densa releases local chemical factors (adenosine & ATP) which relax the smooth muscle in the afferent arteriole, thus increasing the filtration pressure and increasing GFR. Conversely, if the GFR is too high, the macula densa releases chemical factors which constrict the the afferent arteriole, decrease filtration pressure and reduce GFR.​

52
Q

hypothetical gold standard

A

inulin

53
Q

normal RPF both kidneys

A

600-700 mL/min

Cardioresp (23 decks)

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