8

Question 1

what is the sympathetic action in the head

Answer 1

pupil dilation
blushing
reduction in salivation

Question 2

where are pregnglionic sympathetic visceral motor neurones

Answer 2

intermedialateral part of the grey mater.
in the thing that looks like a deer.
it goes from preganag to white Ramus to postgang to smooth and muscle and such.

Question 3

are pregnglionic sympathetic visceral motor neurones VENTRLA OR DORSLA

Answer 3

VENRTAL

Question 4

whats a sympathetic chain made up of

Answer 4

25 ganglia and the sympathetic trunk

Question 5

where does the sympathetic chain run from to

Answer 5

cervical spinal cord to L2

Question 6

what two key characteristics are shown by sympathetic trunk

Answer 6

convergence: many diff pregang can synapse in one single postgang
divergence: different pregang will synapse at diff vertebrae levels

Question 7

whats special about the rostral apart of the sympathetic chain

Answer 7

3 cervical ganglia are not connected to cervical spinal cord but rather to thoracic spinal cord from T1 down.
they are called the superior cervivalg ganglion, middle and inferior.

they innervate face to make blushing, NO mucus secretions and pupil dilation

Question 8

where do superior middle and inferior preganglionic neurones arise form

Answer 8

thoracic spinal cord from T1 down.

Question 9

in tear so of number of neurones involved whats the difference between ANS and SNS

Answer 9

somatic has 1 to neuromuscular junction

ANS has two pregang and posting

Question 10

whats the structure of pregang and postgang

Answer 10

myelinated with A and B axons
post gang have unmelinated with type C axons.

think of a shirt you wear 3/4

Question 11

how do sympathetic postganglionic neurones act on muscles

Answer 11

release adrenaline to alpha 1 receptor .

Question 12

how does sympathetic innervation below the diaphragm occur

Answer 12

via
celiac plexus to liver stomach start of SI
inferior mesenteric plexus rest of gut
hypogastric plexus to bladder and reproductive organs

Question 13

whats the greater splanchnic nerve

Answer 13

its the preganglionic neurone to the celiac plexus

Question 14

whats the lesser splanchnic nerve

Answer 14

its the preganglionic neurone to the inferior mesenteric plexus
T10

Question 15

whats the sacral splanchnic nerve

Answer 15

its the preganglionic neurone to the hypogastricplexus

L3

Question 16

why is the adrenal gland imp in the symatheitc NS

Answer 16

its a postgnaglion neurone that never grew an axon.
releases adrenaline in blood stream. by chromatin cells int he medulla.
receives input from pregang.

Question 17

do all postganglionice cells release Adrenaline

Answer 17

all except sweat gland.s
they release Ach which activates No release in blood vessels hat supply the glands. which increases bloodf low into the glands to be secreted as sweat

Question 18

what drugs block sympathetic effects and whats the main risk with them

Answer 18

beta blockers
prazosin

hypotension and death

Question 19

are all vascular beds prone to vascular tone control

Answer 19

tout sauf brain and heart

Question 20

what happens during exercise

Answer 20

local chemical facts like pH cause local vasodilation by SNS copes by causing vasoconstriction everywhere else Sauf exercising muscle.

Question 21

where is alpha 1 receptor found

antagonist

Answer 21

vascular SM

antagnosi t is prazosin. reduces BP

Question 22

where is alpha 2 receptor found

antagonist

Answer 22

pregang sympathetic nervous terminals

clonidine reduces BP

Question 23

where is beta 1 receptor found

antagonist

Answer 23

heart and kidneys
increase force of contraction of myocardium

antagnist reduce HR in stressed or HT people bisoprolol

Question 24

where is beta 2 receptor found

Answer 24

bronchi relax muscle

agonists causes relaxation in asthmatics salbutamol (short actin)

Question 25

where is beta 3 receptor found

Answer 25

increase lipolysis and gluconeogenesis and adipose tissue.

Question 26

what happens during exercise

Answer 26

B1 increases HR
B2 relax bronchi
B3 increases lipolysis

Question 27

what happens during haemorrhage injury

Answer 27

vasoconstriction

alpha receptors increase clotting speed.