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Cardioresp > 17 > Flashcards

17 Flashcards

1
Q

functions of the respiratory system

A

IMPT:
Gaseous Exchange​
Acid-Base Balance​

Phonation​
Warming, humidification, filtration of gas​
Defense against airborne pathogens​

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2
Q

what are the two main divisions of respiratory system

A

upper respiratory tract

lower respiratory tract

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3
Q

what’s the upper respiratory tract made up of

A

Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx

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4
Q

what’s the lower respiratory tract made up of

A

Trachea
Main Bronchi
Lungs

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5
Q

what’s the subdivision of lower respiratory tract and what is each made up of

A 
Non respiratory part of the system (made up of conducting airways)
Respiratory part (made up of alveoli and terminal bronchioles
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6
Q

where does lower respiratory tract begin

A

at top of trachea below the larynx

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7
Q

what’s the carina

A

bifurcation

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8
Q

where are C shaped cartilage found

A

trachea bronchi bronchioles

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9
Q

how many lobes in R and left lung

A

R: 3
L: 2 (missing middle lobe)

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10
Q

what’s the name of the division entre superior and inferior lobe

A

oblique fissure

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11
Q

what’s the name of the division entre superior and middle lobe

A

horizontal fissure

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12
Q

both lungs have which fissure

A

oblique

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13
Q

what the lingula

A

bottom part of upper lobe of left lung.

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14
Q

what’s the place for the heart in the lungs called

A

cardiac notch

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15
Q

what tidal volume and normal value

A

difference between full inspiration and full expiration in quiet breathing (500mL but only 300mL make it to respirator alveoli because it gets diluted)

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16
Q

what’s the inspiratory reserve volume and what’s the normal value

A

extra amount you can inspire if you force yourself (3100mL)

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17
Q

what’s the expiratory reserve volume and what’s the normal value

A

extra amount you can expire if you force yourself (1200mL)

ALWAYS SMALLER THAN INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME

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18
Q

what’s the vital capacity and normal values

A

maximum amount of air a person can expel from the lungs after a maximum inhalation
4800 mL

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19
Q

what’s residual volume and normal values

A

air in airways after full expiration (always there)

1200mL

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20
Q

what functional residual capacity

A

RC is the volume in the lungs at the end of a natural exhalation
and is equal to expiratory reserve volume+ residual volume
2400mL

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21
Q

what’s the total lung capacity

A

6000mL

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22
Q

what inspiratory capacity

A

volume of air that can be inspired following a normal, quiet expiration and is equal to tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
3600mL

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23
Q

what’s the volume of conducting airways

A

150-200mL

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24
Q

why is oxygen concentration lower in primary bronchi than trachea

A

because you always have residual volume in carina area that dilutes incoming air.

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25
Q

what volume of tidal volume actually reaches respiratory exchange tissue

A

300mL

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26
Q

how many times does the airway tree divide

A

23 times

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27
Q

what’s the name of the last structure of the airway tree

A

alveolar sac (just apres alveolar DUCTS)

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28
Q

how many alveolar sacs in each lungs

A

2^23 so about 8 million

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29
Q

how many of the 23 divisions make up the conducting airway (non respiratory)

A

first 16 divisions
bronchi,
bronchioles,
terminal bronchioles

30
Q

how many of the 23 divisions make up the respiratory zone

A

last 7

including respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs

31
Q

gas exchange in the alveolar sacs occur thanks to what mechanism. why?

A

diffusion bc as cross section area of the lung increases inward velocity of the gas decreases

32
Q

what percentage increase does alveolar sac increase during inspiration

A

20%

33
Q

what happens to alveoli in expiration

A

passive ‘elastic recoil’ which shrinks alveolar volume back to their resting size NOT COLLAPSE

34
Q

what epithelium lines upper airway

A

pseudo stratified columnar epithelium

35
Q

what are some key aspects of pseudo stratified columnar epithelium that make it good in the upper respiratory tract

A

its resistant to wear (bits of dirt fragments of pollen whatever)
so tough lining

36
Q

what epithelium lines bronchioles

A

simple epithelium

37
Q

what epithelium lines alveoli and alveoli sac

A

thin single layer of epithelium

38
Q

what cells secrete mucous

A

globblet cells

39
Q

what does mucous contain

A

antibiotic peptides

40
Q

what moves mucous

A

cilia on bronchus and bronchioles on top of epithelial cells

41
Q

is there mucous in alveoli

A

no bc would inhibit gas exchange

42
Q

where is mucous found

A

everywhere Sauf alveoli

43
Q

how is mucous of CF patients diff from healthy person

A

abnormally thick (due to a defective gene), and difficult for the cilia to move. People with CF have to have regular physiotherapy to ‘cough up’ and remove the thick mucus to stop it becoming infected with viruses or bacteria.

44
Q

what epithelial cells make up alveoli

A

a) Type I pneumocytes (squamous, 90% of area)​

b) Type II pneumocytes (cuboidal, 10% of area)

45
Q

is there mucous in respiratory zone

A

no

46
Q

function of mucous

A

trap pathogens

47
Q

defence mechanism in alveoli

A

macrophages (dust cells) that come out of capillaries

48
Q

What substances do type II pneumocytes release

A

Surfactant (phospholipoprotein dissolved in a watery secretion that lines the alveolar sac.

Reduces surface tension in alveoli and stops the alveoli collapsing during expiration.

49
Q

what are septal cells

A

type II pneumocystes

50
Q

what are the secretions from type II pneumocytes

A

surfactant

antibiotic fluid

51
Q

which are more common upper or lower respiratory tract infection

A

lower bc no mucous

52
Q

Partial pressure of gas (A) equation

A

Partial pressure of gas (A) = total pressure of gas mixture x fractional concentration of (A)

53
Q

oxygen partial pressure calculation

A

PO2 = 760 mm Hg (101 kPa) x 0.21 = 160 mm Hg (21 kPa)​

54
Q

partial pressure of water vapour in respiratory tract

A

47 mmHg

55
Q

so calculation of PO2 in trachea

A

P total = 760 mmHg - 47 mmHg = 713 mm Hg​
​
PO2 (trachea) = 713 mm Hg x 0.21 = 150 mm Hg​

56
Q

what’s dead space

A

volume of air that is inhaled that does not take part in the gas exchange, because it either remains in the conducting airways or reaches alveoli that are not perfused or poorly perfused

57
Q

Partial pressure of CO2

A

42 mm Hg. (5.6 kPa)

58
Q

partial pressure of O2 and CO2 in blood leaving lung

A

90 mmHg (12 kPa) for oxygen

40 mm Hg (5.3 kPa) for CO2​

59
Q

what has higher partial pressure of oxygen, systemic veins or pulmonary veins

A

pulmonary veins

60
Q

the single main cause of emergency admissions during a four year study period ( 1997-2001) in London

A

Respiratory conditions (acute and chronic)

61
Q

what percent of all deaths in London were from respiratory disease, mainly pneumonia, bronchitis and emphysema

A

8.3%

62
Q

% of GP consultations for respiratory illness

A

over 30%

63
Q

most common respiratory disease

A

Asthma​
COPD (chronic bronchitis and emphysema, etc.).​
Tumours (Carcinoma of the lung, mesothelioma, etc.).​
Pulmonary fibrosis (including fibrosing alveolitis).​
Occupational lung disease (silicosis, pneumoconiousis, asbestosis).​
Disorders of chest wall, pleura and diaphragm (eg pneumothorax)​

64
Q

most common respiratory infection

A 
Common cold (acute coryza)​
Influenza​
Pneumonia (viral, bacterial and fungal)​
Pulmonary tuberculosis​
(Poliomyelitis)​
65
Q

what’s pneumonia

A

alveoli fill w fluid

66
Q

the main cause of respiratory death in men aged 65 +

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) closely followed by pneumonia; ​

In women aged 65 + pneumonia was the most common cause, followed by COPD

67
Q

common virus infection agents

A 
Rhinovirus ​
Coronavirus ​
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)​
Parainfluenza virus ​
Adenovirus
68
Q

Social, environmental and occupational factors affecting respiratory disease​

A

Social factors:​
Poor housing, nutrition and income (eg TB)​
Smoking (COPD and CA-lung)​
Travel (TB, etc.)​
STDs and iv drug abuse (HIV, TB/pneumonia, etc.)​

Environmental factors:​
Air pollution, especially particulates and SO2 (COPD/asthma)​
House dust mites (asthma)​

Occupational factors:​
Dust and chemical exposure, and allergies (asbestosis, mesothelioma, silicosis, pneumonconiosis, pulmonary fibrosis, fibrosing alveolitis, etc.)​

69
Q

how many alveolar ducts are there

A

2^23 because airway tree divides 23 times

70
Q

what epithelium lines upper vs lower airway

A

upper: psudostr
lower: simple epi

71
Q

where is mucus found in respiratory tract

A

partout sauf alveoli

72
Q

partial pressure of oxygen in alveolus

A

100 mmHG

Cardioresp (23 decks)

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