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Unit 1 > 9-26b ANS Neural Control of CVP Function > Flashcards

9-26b ANS Neural Control of CVP Function Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the Central Autonomic Network (Hypothalamus) receive afferent information from?

A

Cingulate cortex and amygdala (Important centers within the limbic sys. (emotions))
Basal forebrain (Helps with general arousal)
Midbrain (Groups of n. within brain stem that provide info to hypothalamus)
Nucleus of tractus solitaries (Blood ph/pressure)
Hippocampus (Helps process memories)
Retina

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2
Q

Where is the afferent information processed in the brain?

A

Hypothalamic nuclei

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3
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

regulates physiological, emotional limbic, memory, conscious control systems, and decision making systems to regulate action

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4
Q

What is the efferent autonomic control to the heart?

A

T1-T4 PVG innervate the heart at the SA and AV nodes to increase contractility and HR

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5
Q

What is the efferent autonomic control to the heart for the SNS? What is the effect?

A

T1-T4 PVG innervate the heart at the SA and AV nodes to increase contractility (positive inotropy)
HR (positive chronotropy)

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6
Q

What is the efferent autonomic control to the heart for the PNS? What are the effects?

A

Dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus > SA and AV nodes
decreases HR (negative chronotropy)
decreases contractility
decreases SV

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7
Q

What accelerates the efferent SNS control of the hearts?

A

cardiac accelerator center

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8
Q

What accelerates the efferent PNS control of the heart?

A

cardiac inhibitory center

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9
Q

Does the peripheral vasculature have PNS innervation?

A

no

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10
Q

How does the ANS control the peripheral vasculature?

A

sympathetic efferent n. that secrete NE and E (catecholamines) that cause vasoconstriction

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11
Q

How does the ANS control BP of the peripheral vasculature?

A

enhanced: vasoconstriction elevates BP
suppressed: vasodilation and lowers BP

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12
Q

What are the two afferent components of cardiac reflexes?

A

sensory receptors:
Baroreceptors (pressure changes)
Chemoreceptors (PCO2, PO2)

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13
Q

Where are baroreceptors of the heart located?

A

aortic arch X afferent

carotid bodies IX afferent

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14
Q

How do baroreceptors monitor BP?

A

Firing rate changes when BP falls or increases directly; sensors stimulate the central autonomic network

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15
Q

Generally describe the control of cardiac function

A

As BP rises, baroreceptors increase firing rate and info goes from the aoritic arch and carotid bodies via IX and X nerves to cardiac accelerator and inhibitory centers > go down the spinal cord via vagus efferent n. to change sympathetic and parasympathetic outflow

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16
Q

How does the ANS react to a decreased BP?

A

baroreceptors reduce firing to cardiac inhibitory center, which reduces parasympathetic activity and contractility

baroreceptos increase firing to cardiac accelerator center and excites the sympathetic system. This results in increased contractility and increases TPR via vasoconstriction

17
Q

How does the ANS react to an elevated BP?

A

baroreceptors reduce firing to the cardiac accelerator center to lower contractility and allow for vasodilation

baroreceptors increase firing to the cardiac inhibitory center and increase parasympathetic activity to reduce contractility

18
Q

Why is it necessary for the body to control body temperature?

A

electrochemical processes require an optimum temperature at which they can operate efficiently

19
Q

What does the hypothalamus act as in relation to body temp? How does it control it?

A

a thermostat

controls how heat can be dissipated or conserved

20
Q

What sense a change in body temp? Where do they send signal to? What happens next?

A

thermoreceptors > hypothalamus (compares against set point of 98.6) > PNS and SNS input to sweat glands and blood vessels to change how heat is dissipated/concerved

21
Q

What do warm sensitive neurons in the hypothalamus lead to?

A

n. lead to SNS reduction and vasodilation > PNS activates sweat glands and dissipation of heat and dissipates heat

22
Q

What do cold sensitive neurons in the hypothalamus lead to?

A

n. lead to SNS activation > vasoconstriction (minimizes overall heat loss from skin surfaces)
shivering is phenomenon where skeletal m. produce heat and increase body temp.

23
Q

What is the goal of glucose and energy homeostasis?

What systems work to find homeostasis?

A

balance food intake and energy expenditure

hormonal and neural sys.

24
Q

What do glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis do?

A

make glucose
glycogenolysis (break down of glycogen)
gluconeogenesis (break down of aa)

25
Q

What does insulin release do?

A

reduces glucose production

26
Q

What role does the arcuate nucleus play in energy balance?

A

metabolic sensing neurons: some help feeding behavior and some suppress

27
Q

What are appetizing stimulants within the arcuate nucleus?

A

Orexigenic: neuropeptide Y (NPY) and Agouti-related peptide (AgRP)

28
Q

What are appetizing suppressants within the arcuate nucleus?

A

Anorexigenic: Propiomelanocort (POMC)

29
Q

What do the anorexigenic and orexigenic

A

act on dorsal vagus nerve (DVC) and increase PNS control for food intake

act on SNS intermediate lateral thoracic spine (IML) to increase energy expenditure

30
Q

What hormones control POMC and NPY-AgRP activity?

A

Leptin, PYY, Ghrelin, and insulin

31
Q

What do leptin and PYY do? Where are each secreted from?

A

suppress feeding behavior
Leptin: adipose tissue (also inhibits obesity and reduces neurodegeration)
PYY: small intestine

32
Q

What does ghrelin do? Where is it released from?

A

facilitates feeding behavior

stomach

33
Q

What does insulin do? Where is it produced?

A

Beta cells of the pancreas

acts peripherally and centrally (dependent on multiple factors)

34
Q

How do glucose levels affect POMC?

How do glucose levels affect NPY-AgRP?

A

^ glucose, ^ POMC

decreased glucose, increased NPY-AgRP

35
Q

What are two abnormalities of glucose and energy metabolism?

A

Obesity: progressive metabolic disorder of energy homeostasis
Type 2 diabetes: metabolic disorder of glucose homeostasis

36
Q

How does acute vigorous exercise affect appetite?

A

acute vigorous exercise may lead to suppression of appetite (decrease in ghrelin)
and increase in PYY

37
Q

How does exercise training affect appetite?

A

increase in fasting PYY after 12, 32 wks, or a year

causes change in insulin resistance

38
Q

What are the effects of exercise on the brain?

A

Upregulation of neurotransmitter activity

altered cerebral metabolism and cortisol levels

increases in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF): implications on memory

Unit 1 (25 decks)

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