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Unit 1 > 9-26a Cancer > Flashcards

9-26a Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What is cancer?

A

Rapid uncontrollable growth of cells

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2
Q

Define neoplasm

A

(tumor) new tissue growth

spectrum of disease characterized by abnormal growth of cells resulting in distorted tissue architecture

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3
Q

What is a malignant tumor?

A

cancerous tumor

capable of invasion and spread (metastasis)

fast growing

invasive
anaplastic, undifferentiated, immature cells

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4
Q

What is a benign tumor?

A

non-cancerous growth

non-invasive, do not spread, slow growing, encapsulated, well-differentiated cells

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5
Q

What is the classification system for a tumor?

A

Malignant or Benign

Tissue of origin and anatomic location

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6
Q

Define dysplastic

A

abnormal cells that are not cancerous – often precursor to cancerous lesions

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7
Q

Define in situ

A

neoplasm that has not invaded adjacent structures

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8
Q

How would you classify a benign and malignant tumor of epithelial tissue (skin, glands, GI, reproductive?)

A

Benign: Adenoma
Malignant: Carcinoma

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9
Q

How would you classify a benign and malignant tumor of connective tissue? (bone, fat, muscle, cartilage)

A

Benign: tissue type + “oma”
Malignant: sarcoma

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10
Q

How would you classify a benign and malignant tumor of connective tissue? (bone, fat, muscle, cartilage)

A

Benign: tissue type + “oma”
Malignant: sarcoma

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11
Q

Benign tumor of fat cells

A

lipoma

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12
Q

Malignant Tumor of squamous cells

A

squamous cell carcinoma

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13
Q

Malignant tumor of basal cells

A

basal cell carcinoma

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14
Q

Malignant tumor of breast glandular cells

A

breast adenocarcinoma

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15
Q

Benign tumor of bone

Malignant tumor of bone

A

osteoma

osteosarcoma

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16
Q

What are the most common cancers for men? women?

A

Males: prostate, lung, colorectal
Females: breast, lung, colorectal

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17
Q

what are the necessary components of cell growth?

A

Recognize DNA damage or errors in replication

Activate checkpoints to stop further/unnecessary replication

Implement corrective measures or induce apoptosis

18
Q

What are the reasons for loss of control of cell growth?

A

Genetic
Epigenetic
Abnormal signaling

19
Q

What is epigenetic?

A

Chronic inflammation from environment activating genetic predisposition (obesity, smoking, hormones)

20
Q

What does abnormal signaling consist of in general?

A

□ Positive and negative feedback for cell growth

Signaling could be from overactivation of ras pathway

21
Q

What is the most common genetic and epigenetic factors that can lead to tumor formation?

A

inactivation of tumor suppressor genes (most common)

activation of genetic oncogenes

22
Q

What genetic and epigenetic factors can lead to tumor formation?

A

inactivation of tumor suppressor genes (most common)
activation of genetic oncogenes
role of viruses (HPV)

23
Q

What are abnormal signaling factors that can lead to tumor formation?

A 
hormone effect (hormone replacement therapy)
angiogenesis: process where blood vessels form in the new tumor; involves increased proliferation of VEGF
24
Q

What are the hallmarks of malignant tumors?

A

Proliferation: grow and divide faster than healthy cells
Invasion: via basement membrane to nearby CT
Metastatic potential: angiogenesis where cells are seeding into the blood stream and travelling and depositing to distant organs

25
Q

In general, what are common sites of metastases?

A

bone, liver, brain, lung (and adrenal glands)

26
Q

What are cancer risk factors?

A 
Weight
Genetics
Environmental exposures
Viruses/prior infections
Immunocompromised state
Tobacco
Nutrition
Physical Activity
Alcohol
Excess sun exposure
27
Q

What does a diagnosis of cancer involve?

A

Screening
Genetic testing
Diagnostic imaging
CT, MRI, whole-body PET-CT, etc.
Clinical manifestations/symptoms and systemic effects
Ultimately need biopsy for tissue sample to confirm

28
Q

At what age should people get colonoscopies? mammograms? pap smear? lung? prostate

A 
50
40-50
21
55 with greater than 30 pack year
removal of recommendation, if needed at 50
29
Q

What are signs and warnings of cancer?

A 
Change in bowel or bladder habits
A sore that does not heal
Unusual bleeding or discharged 
Thickening or lump (in breast or elsewhere)
Inability to swallow food easily
Obvious change in a wart or mole
Nagging cough or hoarseness 
Unexplained weight loss
Loss of appetite
Weakness and fatigue
Anemia
Pain
Organ-specific
30
Q

What are organ specific warnings of cancer?

A 
Liver: jaundice, ascites
Lung: dyspnea, cough
Bone: fractures, pain
Brain: confusion, loss of coordination
Breast: nipple discharge, skin changes
Colon: constipation
31
Q

What is grading of cancer? What are the grades?

A

how abnormal is the cell?
1: almost normal, well-differentiated
3-5: so undifferentiated and anaplastic, hard to recognize cell of origin

32
Q

What is staging for cancer?

A

tumor (size and degree of local invasion), nodes (regional lymph nodes affected), and metastases (TNM) system
0-3 roughly

33
Q

What are some cancer treatments?

A

hormone therapy, surgery, bone marrow transplant, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy

34
Q

What can we treat for?

A

curative intent: (5 year disease-free survival)
palliative: improve symptom burden and QOL
Hospice: expected <6 months
PT is an option for all of these phases (gain strength for treatment or home hospice)

35
Q

What are the roles of PT and cancer?

A

Prevention, Detection, and Treatment

36
Q

How does PT prevent cancer?

A

Anti-inflammatory benefits of physical activity/exercise

Promotion of healthy lifestyle

37
Q

How does PT detect cancer?

A

Skin checks

Identification of CAUTION symptoms or concerning pain patterns

38
Q

How does PT treat cancer?

A

Quality of life and psychosocial effects (Improved compliance with treatment)

Functional status/ability to receive treatment (Cardiovascular, metabolic and immune function)
patients need an ECOG of 0-2 for chemo

Anti-inflammatory benefits (Improved survival in physically active patients)

39
Q

What cancer comorbities can PT help treat?

A

Post-operative deconditioning and mobility
Cancer-related fatigue
Chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment
Lymphedema
Radiation Fibrosis

40
Q

What are some precautions PT should take when working with patients with cancer? When is it emergent? When is it urgent?

A

Emergent:
Sudden onset or worsening shortness of breath
Sudden onset of lower extremity/calf swelling or pain
Sudden worsening muscle weakness or neurologic deficit
Unstable vital signs

Urgent:
Increase or change in pain
New palpable mass
Worsening or new lymphedema
Worsening mental status
Change in continence

Unit 1 (25 decks)

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