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Unit 1 > 9-20b Integrating Autonomic and Volitional Control > Flashcards

9-20b Integrating Autonomic and Volitional Control Flashcards

Biomedical

1
Q

What is inside the forebrain (cerebral cortex)?

A

basal ganglia, white matter, diencephalon

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2
Q

What makes up the brain stem?

A

the midbrain, pons (bulbous), and the medulla

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3
Q

What is the major role of the autonomic NS?

A

communicates with internal organs and glands

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4
Q

What does the SNS respond to? What does it do? (generally)

A

challenging situations; arousing, expends energy

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5
Q

What does the PNS allow for?

A

conservation of energy for regular function

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6
Q

What region does the SNS come from on the spinal cord?

A

T1-L2/L3

Thoracolumbar outflow

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7
Q

What is the pathway for a SNS neuron?

A

Synapses at the pre/paravertebral chain of ganglia

then leave and supply organs

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8
Q

What region does the PNS come from on the CNS/spinal cord?

A

From brainstem nuclei (III, VII, IX, and X) and S2-S4
Craniosacral outflow
mostly grey matter

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9
Q

What is the pathway of a PNS neuron?

A

Synapses at the parasympathetic ganglia (on the organ) and then supplies the organ

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10
Q

How many neurons are involved in efferent pathways of the PNS?

A

a pre-ganglionic n. synapses on an autonomic ganglion and a post-ganglionic n. (visceral effector/efferent n.) supplies the body

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11
Q

How do ANS efferent n. pathways compare to the Somatic NS?

A

Somatic: one preganglionic, somatic m. neuron
ANS: one pre-ganglionic n. and a post-ganglionic efferent neuron

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12
Q

What are SNS and PNS ganglia controlled by? Where are their cell bodies? What NT do they release?

A

pre-ganglionic n.
spinal cord and brain stem
Release Ach onto post-ganglionic n. in ganglia, that produce effects on end organs

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13
Q

What are the different regions on the grey matter?

A

Posterior, later and anterior horns

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14
Q

Where do the autonomic preganglionic n. reside? What region do they exit from?

A

The lateral horn of the grey matter

They exit from the ventral root then innervate the autonomic ganglia

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15
Q

What does the paravertebral chain house?

A

post-ganglionic n.

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16
Q

What are the regions of ganglia in the paravertebral sympathetic chain?

A

Superior Cervical ganglia
Middle Cervical ganglia
Inferior Cervical ganglia

17
Q

How many ganglia are in each region of the paravertebral sympathetic chain?

A

11 thoracic
4 lumbar
4-5 sacral

18
Q

What are the regions of the prevertebal sympathetic chain? Where are they?

A

Celiac ganglia
superior mesenteric ganglia
inferior mesenteric ganglia
anterior to spinal cord

19
Q

What is the three possible trajectories for pre-ganglionic sympathetic (in regards to sympathetic trunk route)?

A
  1. leaves through anterior n. route (efferent), the preganglionic n. goes to the same level paravertebral ganglion (PVG), and the post-ganglionic n. leaves and innervates the organ
  2. Axons of the pre-ganglionic n. leave the anterior n. route, preganglionic n. goes to the same level PVG, and then goes either up or down the paravertebral sympathetic chain and THEN synapses on a PVG at a different level
  3. Goes up or down the sympathetic chain/PVC, and then exits the PVG and synapses in the prevertebral ganglion
20
Q

What percent of parasympathetic nerve fibers come from cranial n. X (vagus nerve)?

A

75%

21
Q

What are the ganglia that are innervated by preganglionic n. in the parasympathetic NS? Where are they located?

A

ciliary ganglion, pterygopalatine ganglion, submaxiliary ganglion, otic ganglion
there are many specific ganglia for the thoracoabdominal and pelvic viscera

these are located very close to the organs they’re innervating

22
Q

What are the cranial parasympathetic preganglionic nuclei called and where are they located?

A

Edinger-Westphal nucleus (N. III)
Superior (VII) and Inferior (IX) Salivatory nucleus
Dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (X)

23
Q

What does the hypothalamus play a role in integrating?

A

autonomic, behavioral (somatic), and neuroendocrine responses

24
Q

What are the five roles of the hypothalamus?

A 
Food
Furnace (body temperature)
Fight
Flight
Fuck
Sleep
25
Q

What are the main NT for the ANS?

A

NE, E, Ach

26
Q

What n. is Ach transmitted from? What are the neurons that release Ach?

A

pre-ganglionic to post-ganglionic n.

cholinergic n.

27
Q

What are the two groups of cholinergic receptors?

A

Nicotinic: in autonomic ganglia
Muscarinic: in heart, smooth m., and glands

28
Q

What receptors accept Ne and E? What are the five known types?

A

Adrenergic n.

Alpha and Beta

29
Q

Describe the NT and receptors for parasympathetic neurons

A

Ach-Ach: The pre-ganglionic n. release Ach onto nicotinic r. of a post-ganglionic n., which releases Ach onto muscarinic receptors (glands, smooth m., heart)

30
Q

Describe the three pathways for sympathetic neurons

A

Ach-Ach: pre-ganglionic synapses onto post-ganglionic nicotinic receptors via Ach, then the post-ganglionic n. onto sweat glands and blood vessels via Ach onto muscarinic receptors of sweat glands and blood vessels

Ach-NE: pre-ganglionic synapses onto post-ganglionic nicotinic receptors via Ach, and then the post-ganglionic n. synapses via NE onto adrenergic receptors on the heart and blood vessels

Ach-E: Pre-ganglionic n. synapses onto post-ganglionic nicotinic receptors of the adrenal medulla via Ach, and then the adrenal medulla secretes E to freely flow in circulation (acts more like a hormone) and is accepted by adrenergic receptors on the heart and blood vessels

31
Q

How does the hypothalamus achieve homeostasis?

A

adjusting physiological processes:
IMBALANCE > STIMULUS produces a change > change detected by receptor (SENSOR) > change is sent along the afferent pathway to the CONTROL CENTER > efferent info is sent along a pathway to an EFFECTOR > response of the effector feeds back to influence the magnitude of the stimulus and returns variable to homeostasis
predominantly feedback

32
Q

What are the autonomic reflexes?

A

Mechanoreceptors: respond to mechanical stimuli (ex. aortic baroreceptors, carotid sinuses, lungs, bladder, veins, intestines)
Chemoreceptors: sense amount of CO2/O2 in blood and level of pH (carotid/aortic bodies, medulla, hypothalamus, stomach, taste buds, olfactory bulbs
Nocioceptors: pain (viscera, arterial wall)
Thermoreceptors: temperature (hypothalamus, cutaneous)

33
Q

Examples of ANS dysfunction

A

stress, anxiety, hypertension, orthostatic hypertension

Unit 1 (25 decks)

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