9-23b Intro to Pharmacology Flashcards
Describe the three types of drug nomenclature
Chemical name: (n-acetyl-p-aminophenol) Brand name (acetaminophen) Trade name (Tylenol, Panadol)
What are the roles of the FDA in Pharmacology?
Approval: must be safe and have efficacy
Regulation
Classification: Rx vs. OTC
What are the roles of the FDA in Pharmacology?
Approval: must be safe and have efficacy
Regulation: multi-phase process
Classification: Rx vs. OTC; can be reclassified
What are pharmacokinetics? What are its stages? What factors affect pharmacokinetics?
How the body processes a drug
What are the three basic concepts of pharmacodynamics?
site of action (where the drug exerts its effect) mechanism of action (how a drug produces its effects) receptor site (site on a cell where a drug exerts its effects)
What are the three basic concepts of pharmacodynamics?
site of action (where the drug exerts its effect) mechanism of action (how a drug produces its effects) receptor site (site on a cell where a drug exerts its effects)
What relationship determines the drug’s effect?
dose-response curve
What is a threshold dose?
Dose at which there is a minimal response
Doctor starts with the lowest dose needed for desired response
What is a ceiling effect?
Where the medication no longer has an effect
What is potency?
Measure of strength or concentration of a drug required to produce a specific effect
higher potency > higher response at lower dosage
doesn’t describe safety or side effects
What is a dose?
the exact amount of drug administered in order to produce a specific effect
What is the median toxic dose?
amount of drug in mg dosage that it takes for 50% of people taking the drug to have an adverse effect (50% toxic dose)
What is the median beneficial dose?
the amount of drug in mg dosage that it takes for 50% of people taking the drug to have an effective dose (50% effective dose)
What is the therapeutic index?
The ratio of the median toxic dose (TD)/Median beneficial dose (ED)
greater the TI, the safer the drug
What are side effects caused by? What determines the amount of side effects?
a drug’s selectivity high vs. low selectivity: the drug’s effect on receptors besides its target
What are pharmacokinetics?
How the body presses the drug
What are the different routes in which the drug can be administered? Give examples
Enteral: oral, buccal, sublingual, rectal
Parenteral: inhalation, intranasal, injection, topical, transdermal
What is a consequence of oral administration?
first pass effect:
enters the GI tract and is immediately shunted to the liver, where it is metabolized before it goes into the bloodstream.The part that is metabolized by the liver does not show its effect
What are some positives to enteral administration?
can be administered to an unconscious person
What are some positives of parenteral administration?
not subject to first pass effect/metabolism
localized upon administration site
What are some negatives of parenteral administration?
Requires a vehicle (syringe)
Can give too much easily b/c of the lack of first pass effect
What is bioavailability? What is this dependent upon?
How much of the dose that will have an effect
route of administration
How does oral administration relate to bioavailability?
less bioavailable, but more widely distributed (everywhere blood goes)
How does parenteral administration relate to bioavailability?
more bioavailable but distributed only to the target tissue
How can a drug move across a membrane?
Passive diffusion
Active transport
Facilitated diffusion
endocytosis and exocytosis
What factors affect pharmokinetics?
Route of administration, properties of the drug (lipid soluble), endogenous carriers, endogenous barriers, PT
What are endogenous carriers? How do manufactured products utilize these?
natural pain killers native to the body
there are receptors for native body pain killers
manufactured products bind to the same receptors as these natural pain killers
What are endogenous barriers?
Tight junctions
ex. blood-brain barrier
What are some ways PTs affect pharmokinetics? What are their effect?
exercise hot pads (increases bloodflow and perfusion--increases tissue exposure to drug) ice packs (slow perfusion--decrease ability of drug to reach target tissue)
What are some drug storage sites?
adipose (most common site)
bone marrow
muscle
organs (liver & kidney)
What are some adverse effects of drug storage?
chemicals stored without elimination can have toxic effects
ex. lead poisoning
How are drugs eliminated from the body? What are example(s)?
Metabolism: Biotransformation
Excretion: renal, respiratory, and other places like GI, sweat, saliva, and lactation
How does one find the elimination rate for a drug?
concentration of the drug per hour
% plasma conc. of drug/hrs
What is clearance of a drug?
rate of blood flow and efficiency of liver and kidneys
What is half-life? What does it determine?
how long it takes to get 50% of the remaining drug out of the body
how often the drug needs to be administered
What are dosing schedules based off?
What is an ideal dose?
half life/when most of the drug is elminiated
IV, but once every 4 to 6 hours is best when that isn’t an option; max therapetuic effect can happen more consistently than once every 24
What are factors that affect pharmacokinetics?
genetics
disease (anything affecting liver or kidney’s ability to metabolize drugs)
drug interaction age (efficiency of organ system decreases w/ age, also worse at excreting drugs/conc. stays higher longer)
diet
sex: women can be more vulnerable
other factors: alcoholic (liver damaged)
