8.4 Translation Flashcards
What is a codon?
A sequence of 3 nucleotides that translates to an amino acid.
What is a start codon?
The specific codon that starts translation (AUG, Met).
What is a stop codon?
The specific codons that stop translation (UAA, UAG, UGA).
What is an anticodon?
The sequence of three nucleotides that is complimentary to the codon.
What is the role of mRNA?
It contains the message code for each amino acid sequence.
What is the role of tRNA?
It contains the anticodons that pair with mRNA codons.
What is the role of rRNA?
It facilitates mRNA with tRNA codons, as well as joining amino acids to synthesize proteins.
What is a positive transcription factor?
A protein that binds to the strand and increases transcription rates (promoters and enhancers).
What is a negative transcription factor?
A protein that prevents transcription (repressors).
What is a mutation?
A change in that base sequence of a strand.
What are point mutations?
A mutation that substitutes only one base, affects only one codon.
What are frameshift mutations?
A mutation that adds or removes a base, creating a change in the rest of the strand.
What are silent mutations?
A type of mutation only in point mutations where the mutation has no effect on the end strand.
What are missense mutations?
A type of mutation only in point mutations where the mutation changes only one codon.
What are extended missense mutations?
A type of mutation only in frameshift mutations where the mutation changes all of the codons down the line.
What are nonsense mutations?
A type of mutation in both frameshift and point mutations where the stop codon shows up early due to the mutations.
