83-100 vt terms Flashcards
An enormous mausoleum complex commissioned in 1632 by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan to house the remains of his beloved wife.
Constructed over a 20 Year period on the southern bank of the Yamuna River in Agra, India, the famed complex is one of the outstanding examples of Mughal architecture, which combines Indian, Persian, and Islamic influences.
Taj Mahal
As glorious as they were, the Ottoman Empire with all of its’ dynasties, eventually collapsed economically and militarily. From the 1700s forward, a steady decline and deterioration can be seen.
Dynastic decline
Francois-Marie Arouet was a French Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher. He was famous for his wit, and his criticism of Christianity — especially the Roman Catholic Church — and of slavery.
Voltaire
The word, in all quarters, begins to seriously challenge long held ideas about the nature of the world and existence.
Philosophical trends at that time stressed the superiority of reason over superstition and religion.
The Age of Reason (strongly related to the Enlightenment)
The least academic of modern philosophers and in many ways was the most influential.
His thought marked the end of the European Enlightenment (the “Age of Reason”). He propelled political and ethical thinking into new channels.
He reformed revolutionized taste, first in music, then in the other arts. He had a profound impact on people’s way of life.
Jean Jacques Rousseau
Believed that the only true and correct form of government was the absolute monarchy. He argued this most forcefully in his landmark work, Leviathan.
This belief stemmed from the central tenet of his natural philosophy that human beings are, at their core, selfish creatures.
Thomas Hobbes
An implicit agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits, for example by sacrificing some individual freedom for state protection. Theories of this became popular in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries among theorists such as Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, as a means of explaining the origin of government and the obligations of subjects.
A Social Contract
A philosopher, economist, jurist, and legal reformer and the founder of modern utilitarianism, an ethical theory holding that actions are morally right if they tend to promote happiness or pleasure (and morally wrong if they tend to promote unhappiness or pain) among those affected by them.
Jeremy Bentham
Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brede et de Montesquieu, generally referrred to as this. Was a French judge, man of letters, historian, and political philosopher.
He is the principal source of the theory of separation of powers, which is implemented in many constitutions throughout the world.
Montesquieu
A time when the manufacturing of goods moved from small shops and homes to large factories.
This shift brought about changes in culture as people moved from rural areas to big cities in order to work.
Industrial Revolution
A Scottish inventor, mechanical engineer, and chemist who improved on Thomas Newcomen’s 1712 Newcomen steam engine with his own steam engine in 1776, which was fundamentally to the changes brought by the Industrial Revolution in both his native Great Britain and the rest of the world (1760-1840 is the factory age).
James Watt
These two ingredients helped to fuel the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. Colonies formed around major water access and reach of coal/railways. This helped to tie the trade networks together.
Coal and colonies
England and other big European nations needed expansion room. The colonies in the Americas offered this and more… the production of iron needs charcoal which requires wood, so the European wood supply dwindled… the Americas had plenty of lumber.
Real estate in Europe
Cotton and fabric becoming mechanized freed up labor for innovation, mechanized spinning and looming transformed clothing manufacturing.
Textiles
He invented the flying shuttle. This device speeded up the weaving process and stimulated demand for cotton thread. Within a few years, competitions among inventors resulted in the creation of several mechanical devices to spin thread.
The most important was Samuel Crompton’s “mule” built in 1779. Adapted for steam power by 1790, the mule became the device of choice for spinning cotton thread. A worker using a steam-driven mule could produce a hundred times more thread than a worker using a Manuel spinning wheel.
John Kay
