101-120 vt terms Flashcards
Industrialization moved people to the cities and/or to water ports/coal mining areas
People movement to cities
As the factory evolved, so too did the organization of business. Industrial machinery and factories were expensive investments, and they encouraged businesses to organize on a large scale. Instead of individual or small partnerships owning businesses, corporations were formed as legal entities that were separate and distinct from its owners.
The corporation
To protect their investments, some big businesses of the late nineteenth century sought not only to outperform their competitors in the capitalist marketplace but also to eliminate competition. Business firms formed associations to restrict markets or establish monopolies in their industries.
Monopolies and cartels
In the year 1838, 16,000 Native Americans were marched over 1,200 miles of rugged land. Over 4,000 of these Indians died because of disease, famine, and warfare. The Indian tribe was called the Cherokee and they became lost in bewilderment and anger.
Trail of Tears
The policy and practice of expanding your nation
Expansionism
Westward expansion also generated tension between the United States and Mexico, whose territories included Texas, California, and New Mexico. Texas declared independence from Mexico in 1836, largely because the many U.S. migrants who had settled there wanted to run their own affairs. In 1845 the United States accepted Texas as a new state — against vigorous Mexican protest, and moved to consolidate its hold on the territory. Those moves led to conflicts that rapidly escalated to this event.
Mexican-American War
Opponents of slavery had hope that the instruction would die a natural death with the decline of tobacco cultivation. Their hopes faded, however, with the invigoration of slavery as a result of the rise of cotton as a cash crop in the early nineteenth century, and then by westward expansion.
The number of enslaved people in the United States rose sharply, from five hundred thousand in 1770 to almost two million in 1820. As the numbers of enslaved people grew, anti slavery forces fought to limit the spread of slavery to new territories.
Slavery as a borderline
His election to the presidency in 1860 was the spark that ignited war between the states (1861-1865). He was convinced that slavery was immoral, and was committed to the idea of free soil - territories without slavery. He had insisted from the beginning of the war that his primary aim was the restoration of the Union, not the abolition of slavery.
Abe Lincoln
The regional chieftain of Spanish America and, in the turbulent years of the early nineteenth entry, and a sociopolitical leader. His power base rested on ownership of land and control of armed bands. He was the rival of constitutional rules and the precursor of modern dictators. He is a dominant figure in Latin American history.
Caudillos
Independent Mexico experienced a succession of governments, from monarchy to republic to caudillo rule, but it also generated a liberal reform movement.
Mexican independence
Distinguished himself as a capable fighter and leader, and after 1821, he gained national prominence in the successful Mexican war for independence from Spain. In 1833, he won election to the presidency of the independent republic of Mexico by an overwhelming popular majority. His dedication to the ideal of a democratic role proved weak, though, and he proclaimed himself dictator in 1835.
General Santa Anna
On May 5, 1862, Mexican forces beat back the French invaders at the city of Puebla, a date thereafter celebrated as Cinco de Mayo, Napoleon III then sent tens of thousands of troops to conquer Mexico and proclaimed the creation of a Mexican empire. In 1867, however, Napoleon III had no choice but to accept defeat and withdraw his forced after a Mexican firing squad killed the main he had appointed emperor, the Austrian archduke Maximillian. Juarez managed to restore a semblance of liberal government following the French invasion, but Mexico remained beset by political divisions.
Cinco de Mayo
During the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, two principal influences — mass migration and British financial investment — shaped economic development throughout the Americas.
The two main forces that shaped development in the Americas
Underpinning the economic development of the Americas was large-scale migration of European and Asian peoples to the United States, Canada, and Latin America. Internal migration within the Americas also contributed to a new economic landscape, particularly as Latin Americans journeyed to the United States in search of work and financial opportunities.
The Great American Migration
The discovery of gold at Sutter’s Mill on January 24, 1848 unleashed the largest migration in the United States history and drew people from a dozen countries to form a multi-ethnic society on America’s fringe. The promise of wealth forever altered the life expectations of the hundreds of thousands of people who flooded California in 1849 and the decade that followed.
Gold Rush
