20-39 vt terms

Question 1

The (19th century) idea that God has planned the success of the American expansion plan… that is inevitable and just

Answer 1

Manifest Destiny

Question 2

Spurred by Martin Luther’s 95 Theses (Oct 31, 1517)

It was a reaction to abuses and contradictions that many Europeans observed within the Catholic Church

Essentially Europeans groups were protesting and then ultimately rebelling against practices that are inconsistent with established Bible doctrine

Answer 2

The Protestant Reformation

Question 3

A distinctive feature of the penitential system of both the Western medieval and the Roman Catholic Church that granted full or partial remission of the punishment of sin

Answer 3

The practice of “indulgences”

Question 4

Great democratizer of information and learning… Bible becomes available to the common person… common people acquire books and become more literate

Answer 4

The Printing Press

Question 5

The condition, process, or place of purification or temporary punishment in which the souls of those who die in a state of grace are made ready for heaven

Answer 5

Purgatory

Question 6

Latin for “by faith alone”

Salvation is the idea of going to Heaven… the Catholic Church taught salvation was earned by a combination of believing in God, doing good things, and being a member of the Catholic Church

Answer 6

Sola fide

Question 7

This was the the result of the Reformation in England. Through Germany the new Protestant Church that emerged from the activities and protests against the Catholic Church ended up being called (predictably) Lutheran(ism) after Martin Luther. In England the thinking was to take the religious authority away from the Pope and the Catholic Church which reversed hundreds of years of tradition, The church and the state were the two great social powers. England wanted to take the power form the church and make the monarchy the sole source of power (planting religious power into the Monarchy King Henry VIII made the Bible available in English, and made sure copies were printed and available for Anglican churches.

Answer 7

The Anglican Church

Question 8

Scotland also left the Catholic Church during the English Reformation

Naturally all of these large masses of people leaving the Catholic Church meant money was also leaving the church

Answer 8

Scottish Reformation

Question 9

The Catholic Church, having seen how many people were sympathetic to the complaints and grievances of the Reformation, decided to try to address some of these complaints. This had some success, but by the time any real change happened, many people had left the Catholic church to join the various “Reformed” churches that had formed throughout Europe.

Answer 9

Counter Reformation

Question 10

To be thrown out of a group (like the Catholic Church)

Answer 10

Excommunication

Question 11

From 1463 to 1545 there were a series of high level meetings among leaders of the Catholic Church to discuss how to deal with allegations and grievances from members

Answer 11

The Council (meeting) of Trent

Question 12

Witch hysteria really took hold in Europe during the mid-1400s, when many accused witches confessed, often under torture, to a variety of wicked behaviors. Within a century, witch hunts were common and most of the accused were executed by burning at the stake or hanging. Single women, widows and other women on the margins of society were especially targeted.

Answer 12

Witch hunts

Question 13

(1478-1834)

Judicial institution ostensibly established to combat heresy in Spain. In practice, it served to consolidate power in the monarchy of the newly unified Spanish kingdom, but it achieved that end through infamously brutal methods.

Answer 13

Spanish Inquisition

Question 14

A 17th-century religious conflict fought primarily in central Europe. It remains one of the longest and most brutal wars in human history, with more than 8 million casualties resulting from military battles as well as from the famine and disease caused by the conflict. The war lasted from 1618 to 1648, starting as a battle among the Catholic and Protestant states that formed the Holy Roman Empire. However as it evolved, it became less about religion and more about which group would ultimately govern Europe. In the end, the conflict charged the geopolitical face of Europe and the role of religion and nation-states in society.

Answer 14

The 30 years War

Question 15

The king has absolute power… he says “it came from Divine Right” (from God’s orders)

Answer 15

Absolute monarchies

Question 16

In European history, a political doctrine in defense of monarchical absolution, which asserted that kings derived their authority from God and couldn’t therefore be held accountable for their actions by any earthly authority such as Parliament.

Answer 16

Divine right of kings

Question 17

Was the emergence of modern society during the early modern period when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy), and chemistry transformed societal views about nature.

Answer 17

Scientific revolution

Question 18

Spanish military arm that tackled the Caribbean islands and then move into central and South America

Answer 18

The Spanish “Consquistadores”

Question 19

Conquered the Incas and brought disease to them.

Answer 19

Francisco Pizarro