260-292 vt terms

Question 1

was a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc, which began following World War II

Answer 1

The Cold War

Question 2

a war of ideas

Answer 2

ideological war

Question 3

A war where two combatants fight by using lesser militarily powerful combatants (Viet Nam, Korea)

Answer 3

Proxy war

Question 4

generally understood as the nuclear race between USA and USSR

Answer 4

Arms Race

Question 5

the massive growth of the quantity of nuclear bombs on Earth

Answer 5

Nuclear Proliferation

Question 6

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between 28 European countries, 2 North American countries, and 1 Asian country. The organization implements the North Atlantic Treaty that was signed on 4 April 1949

Answer 6

NATO

Question 7

an international organization founded in 1945 and committed to maintaining international peace and security; developing friendly relations among nations; promoting social progress, better living standards and human rights. Note: the UN is the child of the League of Nations, which was the idea of Woodrow Wilson. He ended up not joining the League of Nations due to poor national support for the organization.

Answer 7

The United Nations

Question 8

a race between Russia and the US to the moon. Both nations wanted to use rockets to get the moon, but they were also using rocket technology as a delivery system for nuclear warheads. The Space Race was triggered by Sputnik

Answer 8

The Space Race

Question 9

Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles: Rockets that could travel across the large distances and accurately deliver warheads

Answer 9

ICBM’s

Question 10

the UN founders made certain that the Security Council consists of five permanent members and six rotating elected members. The United States, the Soviet Union, Great Britain, France, and China—the members of the full Allied alliance in World War II—are the five permanent powers, and their unanimous vote is required on all substantive matters. The decisions of the Security Council are binding on all members.

Answer 10

The 5 permanent members of the UN Security Council

Question 11

the Soviet state when it established the Communist International (Comintern), whose express purpose was to provide funds and strategies for colonized and marginalized people to overthrow capitalism through violent revolution

Answer 11

Comintern

Question 12

also known as Chairman Mao, was a Chinese communist revolutionary who was the founding father of the People’s Republic of China, which he ruled as the chairman of the Chinese Communist Party from the establishment of the PRC in 1949 until his death in 1976

Answer 12

Mao Zedong

Question 13

Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung is a book of statements from speeches and writings by Mao Zedong, the former Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party, published from 1964 to about 1976 and widely distributed during the Cultural Revolution

Answer 13

The Little Red Book

Question 14

The Yalta Conference, also known as the Crimea Conference and codenamed Argonaut, held 4-11 February, 1945, was the World War II meeting of the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union to discuss the postwar reorganization of Germany and Europe.

Answer 14

Conference at Yalta

Question 15

Stalin’s intentions signaled the permanent Soviet domination of eastern Europe and the threat of Soviet-influenced communist parties coming to power in the democracies of western Europe. Their fears were realized in 1946 and 1947, when the Soviets helped bring communist governments to power in Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, and Poland. Communists had previously gained control in Albania and Yugoslavia in 1944 and 1945.

Answer 15

USSR expansion

Question 16

U.S. policy instituted in 1947 by President Harry Truman in which the United States would follow an interventionist foreign policy to contain communism. The annunciation of the Truman Doctrine on 12 March 1947 crystallized the U.S. perception of a world divided between “free” and “enslaved” peoples. Articulated partly in response to crises in Greece and Turkey, where communist movements seemed to threaten democracy and U.S. strategic interests, the Truman Doctrine starkly drew the battle lines of the cold war. As President Harry Truman (1884–1972) explained to the U.S. Congress: “At the present moment in world history nearly every nation must choose between alternative ways of life. I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.” The United States then committed itself to an interventionist foreign policy, dedicated to the “containment” of communism, which meant preventing any further expansion of Soviet influence.

Answer 16

The Truman Doctrine

Question 17

U.S. plan, officially called the European Recovery Program, that offered financial and other economic aid to all European states that had suffered from World War II, including Soviet bloc states.

Answer 17

The Marshall Plan

Question 18

The Missiles of October: (1962): major confrontation that brought the United States and the Soviet Union close to war over the presence of Soviet nuclear-armed missiles in Cuba.

Answer 18

The Cuban Missile Crisis

Question 19

Warsaw Treaty Organization, a military alliance formed by Soviet bloc nations in 1955 in response to rearmament of West Germany and its inclusion in NATO.

Answer 19

Warsaw Pact

Question 20

By 1961 the communist East German state was hemorrhaging from a steady drain of refugees who preferred life in capitalist West Germany. Between 1949 and 1961 nearly 3.5 million East Germans—many of them young and highly skilled—left their homeland, much to the embarrassment of East Germany’s communist leaders. In August 1961 the communists reinforced the border between East and West Germany, and also constructed a fortified wall that divided the city of Berlin. The wall, which began as a layer of barbed wire, quickly turned into a barrier several layers deep, with watchtowers, searchlights, antipersonnel mines, and border guards who had orders to shoot to kill. The Berlin Wall accomplished its purpose of stemming the flow of refugees, though at the cost of shaming a regime that seemed to be unpopular even among its own people.

Answer 20

The Berlin Wall

Question 21

a vociferous campaign against alleged communists in the US government and other institutions carried out under Senator Joseph McCarthy in the period 1950–54. Many of the accused were blacklisted or lost their jobs, although most did not in fact belong to the Communist Party.

Answer 21

Joe McCarthy… McCarthysim

Question 22

A reduction in cold war tension between the United States and the Soviet Union from 1969 to 1975.

Answer 22

Detente

Question 23

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was an Indian lawyer, anti-colonial nationalist and political ethicist who employed nonviolent resistance to lead the successful campaign for India’s independence from British rule, and to later inspire movements for civil rights and freedom across the world.

Answer 23

Gandhi (Mohandas, Mahatma)

Question 24

In the 1930s Indians had fought for, and won, numerous reforms from the British colonial government. The most significant of these reforms was the India Act of 1935, which laid out a structure for Indian home rule (control over internal affairs). But the India Act faced challenges in the form of increasing calls for independent yet separate Hindu and Muslim states, while the eruption of World War II suspended home rule altogether.

Answer 24

India’s Partitioned Independence

Question 25

The first large-scale Asian–African or Afro–Asian Conference—also known as the Bandung Conference —was a meeting of Asian and African states, most of which were newly independent, which took place on 18–24 April 1955 in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia.

Answer 25

Bandung Conference

Question 26

In contrast to India, the Vietnamese struggle for independence became deeply enmeshed in the politics of the Cold War. As a result, Vietnam’s independence occurred only after decades of fighting bloody wars to defeat first the French and then the Americans.

Answer 26

The Vietnam War

Question 27

Vietnamese anticolonial activists had been fighting against French rule in Indochina since the late nineteenth century. By the 1930s, the Indochinese Communist Party was among the groups fighting to drive out the French. Ho Chi Minh (1890–1969), the man who would become the first president of North Vietnam, had helped found the Indochinese Communist Party but spent the 1930s in exile as a wanted man in his home country.

Answer 27

Vietnam Fighting the French

Question 28

intended to settle outstanding issues resulting from the Korean War and the First Indochina War, was a conference involving several nations that took place in Geneva, Switzerland, from April 26 to July 20, 1954.The Geneva Conference did try to restructure Viet Nam to avoid conflict, but conflict came anyway.

Answer 28

The Geneva Conference

Question 29

In 1960, Vietnamese nationalists in the south formed the National Liberation Front (NLF) to fight for freedom from South Vietnamese rule (the military arm of the NLF became known as the Viet Cong). For the most part, the Viet Cong fought essentially a guerrilla war of ambush, terrorism, and sabotage; they used small units to maintain a hold on the countryside, leaving the main population centers to government authorities. A Viet Cong soldier crouching in a bunker during the Vietnam War

Answer 29

The Viet Cong

Question 30

embarked on a course of action that exponentially increased U.S. involvement in Vietnam. He ordered a bombing campaign against North Vietnam and sent U.S. ground troops to augment the South Vietnamese army. Yet, even with the overwhelming firepower and military personnel, the best the United States and South Vietnam could achieve against the Viet Cong was a draw

Answer 30

President Johnson and the Vietnam escalation : Lyndon Johnson

Question 31

With the exception of Palestine, and in stark contrast to Vietnam, the Arab states of Southwest Asia had little difficulty freeing themselves from the colonial powers of France and Britain by the end of World War II. Before World War II, anticolonial activists in Arab states had already won concessions for self-rule under the mandate system established after the Great War. For example, Egyptians had won almost complete autonomy from British rule, although this autonomy continued to be limited by British military control of the strategic Suez Canal and the oil-rich Persian Gulf.

Answer 31

The Arab National States and the Problem of Palestine

Question 32

Creation of Israel, 1948. On May 14, 1948, David Ben-Gurion, the head of the Jewish Agency, proclaimed the establishment of the State of Israel. U.S. President Harry S. Truman recognized the new nation on the same day. The UN voted to recognize Israel as an independent state. David Ben-Gurion, leader of Mapai and head of the Jewish Agency, became Israel’s first prime minister.

Answer 32

The rebirth of Israel

Question 33

Egyptian military leaders, under the direction of Gamal Abdel Nasser (1918–1970), committed themselves to opposing Israel and taking command of the Arab world. When Israel had declared independence in 1948, Egypt—along with Jordan, Iraq, Syria, and Lebanon—declared war against the new state. But instead of defeating Israel, the Arab coalition was not only defeated but lost territory. Egyptians were deeply unhappy with their leadership and staged a number of riots. In July 1952 Nasser and other officers staged a bloodless coup that ended the monarchy of Egypt’s King Farouk. Two years later, Nasser named himself prime minister and took control of the government. He then labored assiduously to develop Egypt economically and militarily and make it the fountainhead of pan-Arab nationalism.

Answer 33

The reborn Egypt