8.2 Breathing and Respiration in special circumstances - METABOLISM, INFANCY, OLD AGE, OBESITY, FEAR, PREGNANCY Flashcards
METABOLISM
what does METABOLISM refer to
the PRODUCTION of ENERGY by burning nutrient molecules
Biochemistry side: the sum of all the chemical reactions taking place in the body (even those not related to energy production)
METABOLISM
why can METABOLIC RATE be thought of as RATE of AEROBIC RESPIRATION
as cellular processes USE MORE ATP,
MORE O2 REQUIRED
MORE CO2 PRODUCED
-> RATE and DEPTH of BREATHING INCREASES to provide O2 and remove CO2
METABOLISM
AEROBIC RESPIRATION EQUATION
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 —> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 38 ATP
METABOLISM
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION EQUATION
C6H12O6 —> 2 LACTIC ACIDS + 2 ATP
(less ATP)
METABOLISM
what happens to the LACTIC ACID produced by ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
needs to be BROKEN DOWN in LIVER
- using OXYGEN
METABOLISM
where is LACTIC ACID BROKEN DOWN and what does it REQUIRE
in LIVER
REQUIRES OXYGEN
METABOLISM
what is the OXYGEN DEBT
HEAVY BREATHING AFTER EXERCISE to PROVIDE EXTRA O2
- to BREAK DOWN LACTIC ACID
followed by PANTING (short, quick breaths) to allow AEROBIC RESPIRATION to RESUME
METABOLISM
what is the CORI CYCLE (LACTIC ACID CYCLE)
in MUSCLE:
GLUCOSE BROKEN DOWN into 2 PYRUVATE
-> 2 LACTATE
anaerobic respiration
transported to LIVER (by blood)
in LIVER:
2 LACTATE converted to 2 PYRUVATE
-> GLUCOSE
GLUCONEOGENESIS (uses 6 atp)
(and oxygen)
INFANCY
How is BREATHING in a FETUS
NO BREATHING - NO AIR in Amniotic Sac
- RECEIVE O2 and REMOVE CO2 by PLACENTA
INFANCY
when are ATTEMPTS at RESPIRATORY MOVEMENTS made in the FETUS
BY END of 1ST TRIMESTER
- caused by TACTILE and FETAL ASPHYXIA (O2 deprivation)
INFANCY
what happens in the 3RD and 4TH MONTH of PREGNANCY to the FETUS and what does this help PREVENT
- BREATHING MOVEMENTS INHIBITED
- so LUNGS almost completely DEFLATED
- helps PREVENT MECONIUM ASPIRATION (passing and aspiring bowel contents during labour / distress)
INFANCY
what helps PREVENT MECONIUM ASPIRATION of FETUS
DEFLATED LUNGS
INFANCY
what do ALVEOLI do up UNTIL BIRTH and why
ALVEOLAR EPITHELIUM secrete Small amount of FLUID up until birth
- KEEP CLEAN FLUID in LUNGS
INFANCY
what are the MECHANICAL CHANGES at Birth (neonate)
during delivery (passing through birth canal)
- COMPRESSION of LUNGS
- compression of FLUID from the lung
- RECOIL of the CHEST WALL (lungs bounce back from compression) produces PASSIVE INSPIRATION of AIR
NEGATIVE INSPIRATORY PRESSURES up to 70-100 cm H2O are INITIALLY REQUIRED to expand alveoli
INFANCY
in NEONATE why are NEGATIVE INSPIRATORY PRESSURES INITIALLY REQUIRED (70-100 cm H2O)
to EXPAND ALVEOLI (LaPlace’s Relationship) which FACILITATE LUNG EXPANSION
by OVERCOMING:
- AIRWAYS RESISTANCE
- INERTIA of FLUID in AIRWAYS
- SURFACE TENSION of the AIR/FLUID INTERFACE in ALVEOLUS
INFANCY
LaPlace’s Relationship - how does EXPANDING ALVEOLI facilitate LUNG EXPANSION
by OVERCOMING
- AIRWAY RESISTANCE
- INERTIA of FLUID in AIRWAYS
- SURFACE TENSION of AIR/FLUID INTERFACE in ALVEOLUS
INFANCY
NEONATE- NEGATIVE INSPIRATORY PRESSURES of up to… are usually required
70-100 cm H2O
INFANCY
after birth what causes PASSIVE INSPIRATION of Air into LUNGS
RECOIL of LUNGS after compression
(fluid also squeezed out)
INFANCY
CHEMICAL EVENTS that take place at BIRTH (lead to initiation of breathing)
- cutting Umbilical Cord REMOVES O2 SUPPLY
-> ASPHYXIA (Lack O2)
LOW O2, HIGH CO2, LOW pH
-> ACIDOSIS
Acidotic state stimulates
RESPIRATORY CENTRES in MEDULLA
and (PERIPHERAL) CHEMORECEPTORS in CAROTID ARTERIES
-> INITIATE BREATHING
INFANCY
what does baby immediately DEVELOP after CUTTING UMBILICAL CORD
ASPHYXIA (O2 DEPRIVATION)
which leads to ACIDOSIS
INFANCY
how does ACIDOSIS INITIATE BREATHING in NEONATE
STIMULATES RESPIRATORY CENTRES in MEDULLA and CHEMORECEPTORS (peripheral) in CAROTID ARTERIES
- initiates breathing
INFANCY
which SENSORY EVENTS (STIMULUS) can STIMULATE BREATHING in NEONATE
- THERMAL
sudden DROP in TEMPERATURE can cause baby to GASP (MAJOR STIMULUS) - TACTILE
Nerve Endings in SKIN stimulated (may rub baby) - VISUAL
change from dark to LIGHT environment - AUDITORY
SOUND
INFANCY
what STIMULATES SURFACTANT production in NEONATES
- ALVEOLAR DISTENTION, CORTISOL, EPINEPHRINE (adrenaline)
stimulate Type 2 PNEUMOCYTES
INFANCY
how is EXPIRATION in NEONATES
INITIALLY ACTIVE
- PRESSURES 18-115 cm H20 GENERATED
- AMNIOTIC FLUID FORCED OUT from BRONCHI
