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Respiratory > 3. Anatomy of the LOWER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (HARC) > Flashcards

3. Anatomy of the LOWER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (HARC) Flashcards

1
Q

TRACHEA is the AIRWAY between the..

A

LARYNX and the BRONCHI

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2
Q

where does the TRACHEA COMMENCE

A

CRICOID CARTILAGE (larynx)
C6

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3
Q

where does the TRACHEA BIFURCATE

A

at CARINA
T4

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4
Q

PATENCY of TRACHEA (being open) is maintained by

A

CARTILAGE
C-SHAPED RINGS

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5
Q

how is the POSTERIOR BORDER of the TRACHEA

A

SOFT
with TRACHEALIS MUSCLE

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6
Q

what does the TRACHEALIS MUSCLE (posterior of trachea) do

A

allows EXPANSION of OESOPHAGUS

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7
Q

superior and inferior parts of LUNGS called:

A

APEX & BASE

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8
Q

LUNGS divided into LOBES by..

A

FISSURES

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9
Q

which FISSUE divides LEFT and RIGHT LUNGS into SUPERIOR LOBE and INFERIOR LOBE

A

OBLIQUE FISSURE

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10
Q

How many LOBES in the LEFT LUNG

A

2

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11
Q

how many LOBES in the RIGHT LUNG

A

3

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12
Q

RIGHT LUNG has which ADDITIONAL LOBE and by which ADDITIONAL FISSURE

A

MIDDLE LOBE

  • by HORIZONTAL FISSURE (above oblique)
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13
Q

the LEFT LUNG has what in place of the Middle Lobe (no middle lobe as less space)

A

LINGULA

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14
Q

which LUNG has the ADDITIONAL MIDDLE LOBE

A

RIGHT

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15
Q

where does the AIRWAY BEGIN

A

NASAL CAVITY

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16
Q

TRACHEA from which vertebral levels

A

C6 - T4

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17
Q

TRACHEA BIFURCATES (at carina T4) into..

A

PRIMARY BRONCHI

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18
Q

DIFFERENCE between the PRIMARY BRONCHI

A

RIGHT: WIDER, SHORTER, MORE VERTICAL

LEFT: NARROWER, LONGER, MORE HORIZONTAL
(because of heart and aorta on left side)
(comes off at sharper turn)

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19
Q

which BRONCHI is WIDER and SHORTER and MORE VERTICAL

A

RIGHT

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20
Q

after Primary Bronchi we get SECONDARY BRONCHI which are 1 FOR EACH…

A

1 FOR EACH LOBE

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21
Q

LEFT LUNG has how many SECONDARY BRONCHI

A

2
(2 LOBES)

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22
Q

RIGHT LUNG has how many SECONDARY BRONCHI

A

3
(3 LOBES)

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23
Q

after Secondary Bronchi we have TERTIARY BRONCHI which are 1 FOR EACH..

A

1 FOR EACH BP SEGMENT
(BRONCHOPULMONARY)

aka SEGMENTAL BRONCHI

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24
Q

TERTIARY BRONCHI AKA

A

SEGMENTAL BRONCHI

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25
Q

what is AFTER TERTIARY BRONCHI

A

TERMINAL BRONCHI

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26
Q

what is the LAST PLACE of BRONCHI that has CARTILAGE in walls

A

TERMINAL BRONCHI

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27
Q

after BRONCHI we have BRONCHIOLES:

A

CONDUCTING BRONCHIOLES
-> TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES
-> RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES (alveoli)

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28
Q

ALVEOLI come off the..

A

RESPIRATIRY BRONCHIOLES

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29
Q

ALVEOLI GROUPED together into..

A

ALVEOLAR SACS

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30
Q

what are BRONCHOPULMONARY (BP) SEGMENTS

A

the TISSUE served by a SINGLE TERTIARY BRONCHUS

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31
Q

BP SEGMENTS are SEPARATED by..

A

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

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32
Q

BP SEGMENTS being SEPARATED by connective tissue makes them..

A

FUNCTIONALLY INDEPENDENT

  • OWN VASCULATURE, LYMPH etc.
  • SURGICALLY RESECTABLE
33
Q

how are the PULMONARY ARTERY and PULMONARY VEIN

A

Pulmonary Artery: at CENTRE, DEOXYGENATED BLOOD from heart

Pulmonary Vein: at PERIPHERY, OXYGEN RICH blood to heart to body

34
Q

what is the LUNG ROOT

A

the STRUCTURES ENTERING & EXITING the Lung at its HILUM
(airway, major arteries, major veins)

35
Q

SURFACES of the LUNGS:

A
  • COSTAL (in contact with RIBS)
  • MEDIASTINAL (facing medially in contact with MEDIASTINUM - heart, aorta, vena cava oesophagus etc)
  • DIAPHRAGMATIC (contact with DIAPHRAGM)
36
Q

what do we get on the LUNGS especially from inflation

A

IMPRESSIONS

  • lung surface is MARKED by STRUCTURES that touch it
37
Q

POSITION of the RIGHT PULMONARY ARTERY in RELATION to the RIGHT BRONCHUS in the RIGHT LUNG:

A

ANTERIOR

(RALS)

38
Q

POSITION of the LEFT PULMONARY ARTERY in RELATION to the LEFT PRIMARY BRONCHUS in the LEFT LUNG:

A

SUPERIOR

(RALS)

39
Q

how many ARTERIES and VEINS supply each LUNG

A

1 ARTERY (DEOXY)
2 VEINS (OXY) (superior pulmonary vein, inferior pulmonary vein)

40
Q

what is the CHEST WALL

A

BOUNDARY of the THORACIC CAVITY
- Layers from SKIN to ENDOTHORACIC FASCIA

Consists of RIB CAGE and INTERCOSTAL SPACES

41
Q

How many RIBS

A

12

42
Q

how many INTERCOSTAL SPACES

A

11

43
Q

STRUCTURES WITHIN the INTERCOSTAL SPACES:

A
  • Intercostal MUSCLES
  • Intercostal NEUROVASCULAR BUNDLE
44
Q

FUNCTIONS of the CHEST WALL

A
  • PROTECT VISCERA
  • MOVEMENT to FACILITATE BREATHING
45
Q

2 MOTIONS in RIB MOVEMENT :

A
  • PUMP HANDLE
  • BUCKET HANDLE
46
Q

what is PUMP HANDLE
which RIBS are involved and which DIMENSION increases

A

RIBS 2-6

INCREASES ANTEROPOSTERIOR A-P DIMENSION of thoracic cavity during inspiration

up and out motion of rib cage
sternum moves anteriorly

47
Q

what is BUCKET HANDLE
which RIBS are involved and which DIMENSION increases

A

lateral motion of rib cage (out to the side)

RIBS 7-10 (longer)

INCREASES LATERAL DIMENSION of cavity during inspiration

48
Q

MUSCLES OF RESPIRATION

A
  • DIAPHRAGM
  • EXTERNAL INTERCOSTALS
  • INTERNAL INTERCOSTALS
  • INNERMOST INTERCOSTALS
49
Q

what do EXTERNAL INCOSTAL muscles do

A
  • ELEVATE ribs
  • for QUIET and FORCED INSPIRATION
50
Q

what do INTERNAL INTERCOSTAL muscles do

A
  • DEPRESS ribs
  • FORCED EXPIRATION
    (quiet expiration is passive)
51
Q

what do INNERMOST INTERCOSTAL muscles do

A
  • ASSIST INTERNAL INTERCOSTALS

INSIGNIFICANT

52
Q

what is the PRINCIPLE MUSCLE of RESPIRATION

A

DIAPHRAGM

53
Q

what does the DIAPHRAGM consist of

A

2 DOMES (right and left)
connected by a CENTRAL TENDON

54
Q

the DIAPHRAGM CONTRACTS to..

A

FLATTEN

55
Q

what is the DIAPHRAGM responsible for

A

INCREASES VERTICAL DIMENSION (VOLUME) of cavity do drive INSPIRATION

RECOIL (curves back up) of diaphragm drives QUIET EXPIRATION

56
Q

DIAPHRAGM is the BOUNDARY between

A

THORACIC and ABDOMINAL CAVITY

  • offers PASSAGE between them
57
Q

name the LARGE STRUCTURES that PASS through the DIAPHRAGM from thoracic cavity to abdominal

A
  • INFERIOR VENA CAVA (IVC)
  • OESOPHAGUS
  • AORTA
58
Q

*at which LEVEL does the INFERIOR VENA CAVA PASS the DIAPHRAGM

A

T8

(8 letters Vena Cava)

59
Q

*at which LEVEL does the OESOPHAGUS PASS the DIAPHRAGM

A

T10

(10 letters Oesophagus)

60
Q

*at which LEVEL does the AORTA PASS the DIAPHRAGM

A

T12

(12 letters Aortic Hiatus)

61
Q

what also PASS the DIAPHRAGM

A
  • VAGUS NERVES (X)
    with OESOPHAGUS
  • CISTERNA CHYLI
    with AORTA
    (major lymph vessel in abdomen, becomes thoracic duct)
62
Q

which major structure lies IN the COSTAL GROOVE of each RIB

A

INTERCOSTAL NEUROVASCULAR BUNDLE

63
Q

which MUSCLE of Respiration is MOST ACTIVE during FORCED RESPIRATION

A

INTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES

64
Q

what INNERVATES/SUPPLIES the INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES

A

INTERCOSTAL NEUROVASCULAR BUNDLE (artery, vein, nerve)

(SENSORY and MOTOR)

65
Q

where is the INTERCOSTAL NEUROVASCULAR BUNDLE found

A

in COSTAL GROOVE (DEPRESSION) at INFERIOR EDGE of every RIB

BETWEEN INTERNAL INTERCOSTAL and INNERMOST INTERCOSTAL muscles

66
Q

INTERCOSTAL NEUROVASCULAR BUNDLE is BETWEEN which MUSCLES

A

INTERNAL and INNERMOST intercostal muscles

67
Q

what INNERVATES the DIAPHRAGM

A

PHRENIC NERVE (C3-C5)

68
Q

PHRENIC NERVE comes from which SPINAL NERVES

A

C3 C4 C5

69
Q

how does the PHRENIC NERVE (C3-C5) pass to the DIAPHRAGM

A

passes THROUGH MEDIASTINUM (medial structures in chest)
AROUND the HEART

70
Q

what is the PLEURA

A

THIN SEROUS MEMBRANE that LINES the THORACIC CAVITY and COVERS the LUNGS

SECRETES SEROUS FLUID to lubricate lungs

one CONTINUOUS structure with different parts

71
Q

2 main PARTS of the PLEURA

A
  • PARIETAL
    lines internal wall of THORACIC CAVITY
  • VISCERAL
    lines SURFACE of the LUNG (around lung root)
72
Q

how is the PLEURAL CAVITY (potential space between Parietal and Visceral pleura) in an INFLATED vs COLLAPSED lung/PNEUMOTHORAX

A

Inflated: SMALL

collapsed: BIG PLEURAL CAVITY

73
Q

what is a PLEURAL EFFUSION

A

when FLUID gets inside PLEURAL CAVITY

AIR inside - Pneumothorax (type of pleural effusion)
BLOOD - Haemothorax
Pus - Pyothorax
Lympatic fluid - Chylothorax

74
Q

what should be in the PLEURAL CAVITY

A

SEROUS FLUID (secreted by pleura)

75
Q

what happens when DIAPHRAGM CONTRACTS

A

INCREASE VOLUME thoracic cavity
(INCREASE SIZE PLEURAL CAVITY)

DECREASE PRESSURE

76
Q

NEGATIVE PLEURAL PRESSURE FORCES..

A

FORCES LUNG EXPANSION and DRIVES VENTILATION

if GREATER than ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE then can cause Lung COLLAPSE

77
Q

PLEURAL CAVITY has natural RECESSES where lung DOESN’T FILL entire Thoracic Cavity:

A
  • COSTODIAPHRAGMATIC RECESS (CDR)
  • COSTOMEDIASTINAL RECESS (CMR)
78
Q

what can happen in the RECESSES (costodiaphragmatic and costomediastinal) of the PLEURAL CAVITY

A

FLUID can COLLECT (including gas)

EXCESS= PLEURAL EFFUSION

fluid DRAINED by THORACOCENTESIS

79
Q

Which PRIMARY BRONCHI is More HORIZONTAL, NARROWER and LONGER

A

LEFT

Respiratory (16 decks)

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