3. Anatomy of the LOWER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (HARC) Flashcards
1
Q
TRACHEA is the AIRWAY between the..
A
LARYNX and the BRONCHI
2
Q
where does the TRACHEA COMMENCE
A
CRICOID CARTILAGE (larynx)
C6
3
Q
where does the TRACHEA BIFURCATE
A
at CARINA
T4
4
Q
PATENCY of TRACHEA (being open) is maintained by
A
CARTILAGE
C-SHAPED RINGS
5
Q
how is the POSTERIOR BORDER of the TRACHEA
A
SOFT
with TRACHEALIS MUSCLE
6
Q
what does the TRACHEALIS MUSCLE (posterior of trachea) do
A
allows EXPANSION of OESOPHAGUS
7
Q
superior and inferior parts of LUNGS called:
A
APEX & BASE
8
Q
LUNGS divided into LOBES by..
A
FISSURES
9
Q
which FISSUE divides LEFT and RIGHT LUNGS into SUPERIOR LOBE and INFERIOR LOBE
A
OBLIQUE FISSURE
10
Q
How many LOBES in the LEFT LUNG
A
2
11
Q
how many LOBES in the RIGHT LUNG
A
3
12
Q
RIGHT LUNG has which ADDITIONAL LOBE and by which ADDITIONAL FISSURE
A
MIDDLE LOBE
- by HORIZONTAL FISSURE (above oblique)
13
Q
the LEFT LUNG has what in place of the Middle Lobe (no middle lobe as less space)
A
LINGULA
14
Q
which LUNG has the ADDITIONAL MIDDLE LOBE
A
RIGHT
15
Q
where does the AIRWAY BEGIN
A
NASAL CAVITY
16
Q
TRACHEA from which vertebral levels
A
C6 - T4
17
Q
TRACHEA BIFURCATES (at carina T4) into..
A
PRIMARY BRONCHI
18
Q
DIFFERENCE between the PRIMARY BRONCHI
A
RIGHT: WIDER, SHORTER, MORE VERTICAL
LEFT: NARROWER, LONGER, MORE HORIZONTAL
(because of heart and aorta on left side)
(comes off at sharper turn)
19
Q
which BRONCHI is WIDER and SHORTER and MORE VERTICAL
A
RIGHT
20
Q
after Primary Bronchi we get SECONDARY BRONCHI which are 1 FOR EACH…
A
1 FOR EACH LOBE
21
Q
LEFT LUNG has how many SECONDARY BRONCHI
A
2
(2 LOBES)
22
Q
RIGHT LUNG has how many SECONDARY BRONCHI
A
3
(3 LOBES)
23
Q
after Secondary Bronchi we have TERTIARY BRONCHI which are 1 FOR EACH..
A
1 FOR EACH BP SEGMENT
(BRONCHOPULMONARY)
aka SEGMENTAL BRONCHI
24
Q
TERTIARY BRONCHI AKA
A
SEGMENTAL BRONCHI
25
what is AFTER TERTIARY BRONCHI
TERMINAL BRONCHI
26
what is the LAST PLACE of BRONCHI that has CARTILAGE in walls
TERMINAL BRONCHI
27
after BRONCHI we have BRONCHIOLES:
CONDUCTING BRONCHIOLES
-> TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES
-> RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES (alveoli)
28
ALVEOLI come off the..
RESPIRATIRY BRONCHIOLES
29
ALVEOLI GROUPED together into..
ALVEOLAR SACS
30
what are BRONCHOPULMONARY (BP) SEGMENTS
the TISSUE served by a SINGLE TERTIARY BRONCHUS
31
BP SEGMENTS are SEPARATED by..
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
32
BP SEGMENTS being SEPARATED by connective tissue makes them..
FUNCTIONALLY INDEPENDENT
- OWN VASCULATURE, LYMPH etc.
- SURGICALLY RESECTABLE
33
how are the PULMONARY ARTERY and PULMONARY VEIN
Pulmonary Artery: at CENTRE, DEOXYGENATED BLOOD from heart
Pulmonary Vein: at PERIPHERY, OXYGEN RICH blood to heart to body
34
what is the LUNG ROOT
the STRUCTURES ENTERING & EXITING the Lung at its HILUM
(airway, major arteries, major veins)
35
SURFACES of the LUNGS:
- COSTAL (in contact with RIBS)
- MEDIASTINAL (facing medially in contact with MEDIASTINUM - heart, aorta, vena cava oesophagus etc)
- DIAPHRAGMATIC (contact with DIAPHRAGM)
36
what do we get on the LUNGS especially from inflation
IMPRESSIONS
- lung surface is MARKED by STRUCTURES that touch it
37
POSITION of the RIGHT PULMONARY ARTERY in RELATION to the RIGHT BRONCHUS in the RIGHT LUNG:
ANTERIOR
(RALS)
38
POSITION of the LEFT PULMONARY ARTERY in RELATION to the LEFT PRIMARY BRONCHUS in the LEFT LUNG:
SUPERIOR
(RALS)
39
how many ARTERIES and VEINS supply each LUNG
1 ARTERY (DEOXY)
2 VEINS (OXY) (superior pulmonary vein, inferior pulmonary vein)
40
what is the CHEST WALL
BOUNDARY of the THORACIC CAVITY
- Layers from SKIN to ENDOTHORACIC FASCIA
Consists of RIB CAGE and INTERCOSTAL SPACES
41
How many RIBS
12
42
how many INTERCOSTAL SPACES
11
43
STRUCTURES WITHIN the INTERCOSTAL SPACES:
- Intercostal MUSCLES
- Intercostal NEUROVASCULAR BUNDLE
44
FUNCTIONS of the CHEST WALL
- PROTECT VISCERA
- MOVEMENT to FACILITATE BREATHING
45
2 MOTIONS in RIB MOVEMENT :
- PUMP HANDLE
- BUCKET HANDLE
46
what is PUMP HANDLE
which RIBS are involved and which DIMENSION increases
RIBS 2-6
INCREASES ANTEROPOSTERIOR A-P DIMENSION of thoracic cavity during inspiration
up and out motion of rib cage
sternum moves anteriorly
47
what is BUCKET HANDLE
which RIBS are involved and which DIMENSION increases
lateral motion of rib cage (out to the side)
RIBS 7-10 (longer)
INCREASES LATERAL DIMENSION of cavity during inspiration
48
MUSCLES OF RESPIRATION
- DIAPHRAGM
- EXTERNAL INTERCOSTALS
- INTERNAL INTERCOSTALS
- INNERMOST INTERCOSTALS
49
what do EXTERNAL INCOSTAL muscles do
- ELEVATE ribs
- for QUIET and FORCED INSPIRATION
50
what do INTERNAL INTERCOSTAL muscles do
- DEPRESS ribs
- FORCED EXPIRATION
(quiet expiration is passive)
51
what do INNERMOST INTERCOSTAL muscles do
- ASSIST INTERNAL INTERCOSTALS
INSIGNIFICANT
52
what is the PRINCIPLE MUSCLE of RESPIRATION
DIAPHRAGM
53
what does the DIAPHRAGM consist of
2 DOMES (right and left)
connected by a CENTRAL TENDON
54
the DIAPHRAGM CONTRACTS to..
FLATTEN
55
what is the DIAPHRAGM responsible for
INCREASES VERTICAL DIMENSION (VOLUME) of cavity do drive INSPIRATION
RECOIL (curves back up) of diaphragm drives QUIET EXPIRATION
56
DIAPHRAGM is the BOUNDARY between
THORACIC and ABDOMINAL CAVITY
- offers PASSAGE between them
57
name the LARGE STRUCTURES that PASS through the DIAPHRAGM from thoracic cavity to abdominal
- INFERIOR VENA CAVA (IVC)
- OESOPHAGUS
- AORTA
58
*at which LEVEL does the INFERIOR VENA CAVA PASS the DIAPHRAGM
T8
(8 letters Vena Cava)
59
*at which LEVEL does the OESOPHAGUS PASS the DIAPHRAGM
T10
(10 letters Oesophagus)
60
*at which LEVEL does the AORTA PASS the DIAPHRAGM
T12
(12 letters Aortic Hiatus)
61
what also PASS the DIAPHRAGM
- VAGUS NERVES (X)
with OESOPHAGUS
- CISTERNA CHYLI
with AORTA
(major lymph vessel in abdomen, becomes thoracic duct)
62
which major structure lies IN the COSTAL GROOVE of each RIB
INTERCOSTAL NEUROVASCULAR BUNDLE
63
which MUSCLE of Respiration is MOST ACTIVE during FORCED RESPIRATION
INTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES
64
what INNERVATES/SUPPLIES the INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES
INTERCOSTAL NEUROVASCULAR BUNDLE (artery, vein, nerve)
(SENSORY and MOTOR)
65
where is the INTERCOSTAL NEUROVASCULAR BUNDLE found
in COSTAL GROOVE (DEPRESSION) at INFERIOR EDGE of every RIB
BETWEEN INTERNAL INTERCOSTAL and INNERMOST INTERCOSTAL muscles
66
INTERCOSTAL NEUROVASCULAR BUNDLE is BETWEEN which MUSCLES
INTERNAL and INNERMOST intercostal muscles
67
what INNERVATES the DIAPHRAGM
PHRENIC NERVE (C3-C5)
68
PHRENIC NERVE comes from which SPINAL NERVES
C3 C4 C5
69
how does the PHRENIC NERVE (C3-C5) pass to the DIAPHRAGM
passes THROUGH MEDIASTINUM (medial structures in chest)
AROUND the HEART
70
what is the PLEURA
THIN SEROUS MEMBRANE that LINES the THORACIC CAVITY and COVERS the LUNGS
SECRETES SEROUS FLUID to lubricate lungs
one CONTINUOUS structure with different parts
71
2 main PARTS of the PLEURA
- PARIETAL
lines internal wall of THORACIC CAVITY
- VISCERAL
lines SURFACE of the LUNG (around lung root)
72
how is the PLEURAL CAVITY (potential space between Parietal and Visceral pleura) in an INFLATED vs COLLAPSED lung/PNEUMOTHORAX
Inflated: SMALL
collapsed: BIG PLEURAL CAVITY
73
what is a PLEURAL EFFUSION
when FLUID gets inside PLEURAL CAVITY
AIR inside - Pneumothorax (type of pleural effusion)
BLOOD - Haemothorax
Pus - Pyothorax
Lympatic fluid - Chylothorax
74
what should be in the PLEURAL CAVITY
SEROUS FLUID (secreted by pleura)
75
what happens when DIAPHRAGM CONTRACTS
INCREASE VOLUME thoracic cavity
(INCREASE SIZE PLEURAL CAVITY)
DECREASE PRESSURE
76
NEGATIVE PLEURAL PRESSURE FORCES..
FORCES LUNG EXPANSION and DRIVES VENTILATION
if GREATER than ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE then can cause Lung COLLAPSE
77
PLEURAL CAVITY has natural RECESSES where lung DOESN'T FILL entire Thoracic Cavity:
- COSTODIAPHRAGMATIC RECESS (CDR)
- COSTOMEDIASTINAL RECESS (CMR)
78
what can happen in the RECESSES (costodiaphragmatic and costomediastinal) of the PLEURAL CAVITY
FLUID can COLLECT (including gas)
EXCESS= PLEURAL EFFUSION
fluid DRAINED by THORACOCENTESIS
79
Which PRIMARY BRONCHI is More HORIZONTAL, NARROWER and LONGER
LEFT
