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12. Embryology and Lung Growth (HARC) Flashcards

1
Q

3 main points in Lung Development

A
  • formation of LUNG BUD
  • lung MATURATION and production of SURFACTANT
  • RESPIRATORY CHANGES at BIRTH
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2
Q

FOLDING of the EMBRYO 2 types:

A

Tall Folding : head and tail fold in

LATERAL FOLDING - RIGHT and LEFT

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3
Q

what is LATERAL FOLDING of an Embryo

A

Lateral ends of ECTODERM GROWS in and PINCHES OFF YOLK SAC

2 ends/folds FUSE

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4
Q

what forms from LATERAL FOLDING

A

LARGER AMNIOTIC CAVITY

INTRAEMBRYONIC COELOM (Cavity)
lined by mesoderm inside
- both together called SOMATOPLEURA (before fusion)

upon FUSION of lateral folds:
INTRAEMBRYONIC COELUM
lined with SOMATIC MESODERM

from Yolk Sac -> EMBRYONIC GUT TUBE
lined with SPLANCHNIC MESODERM
(inside intraembryonic coelom)

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5
Q

in EMBRYO what is the INTRAEMBRYONIC COELUM LINED with

A

SOMATIC MESODERM

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6
Q

in EMBRYO what does the YOLK SAC become after LATERAL FOLDING

A

Embryonic GUT TUBE

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7
Q

what is the Embryonic GUT TUBE LINED with

A

SPLANCHNIC MESODERM

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8
Q

Embryonic GUT TUBE is from which Germ layer

A

ENDODERM
(lined with mesoderm - splanchnic)

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9
Q

below the Embryonic Gut Tube the PRIMORDIAL PHALYNX (splanchnic mesoderm) has a growth coming out of it called..

A

LARYNGOTRACHEAL DIVERTICULUM

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10
Q

Opening where the LARYNGOTRACHEAL DIVERTICULUM grows out of the PRIMORDIAL PHALYNX

A

LARYNGOTRACHEAL OPENING

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11
Q

as LARYNGOTRACHEAL DIVERTICULUM grows out of the PRIMORDIAL PHALYNX what do we get

A

TRACHEOESOPHAGEAL FOLD

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12
Q

what germ layer is the laryngotracheal diverticulum

A

ENDODERM
lined with MESODERM (SPLANCHNIC)

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13
Q

Laryngotracheal Diverticulum becomes the..

A

RESPIRATORY BUD

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14
Q

Pinching off of the RESPIRATORY BUD from the Primordial Phalynx/ Gut Tube gives the..

A

TRACHEOSOPHAGEAL SEPTUM

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15
Q

RESPIRATORY BUD becomes… as it starts to divide

A

PRIMARY BRONCHIAL BUDS
makes the remaining the LARYNGOTRACHEAL TUBE

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16
Q

as the PRIMARY BRONCHIAL BUDS and the LARYNGOTRACHEAL TUBE form what do we get

A

OESOPHAGUS SEPARATED from the TRACHEA

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17
Q

what are the PERICARDIOPERITONEAL CANALS

A

OPENINGS POSTERIORLY between the primitive Pericardial and Peritoneal Cavities

  • gives rise to Pleural Cavity
  • name of the space that the bronchial buds grow into
  • gaps left by septum transversum (early diaphragm)
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18
Q

what is the name for the EARLY DIAPHRAGM

A

SEPTUM TRANSVERSUM

  • Grows out of the sidewall and POSTERIORLY to form sheet which meets the GUT TUBE
  • leaves gaps on either side: Pericardioperitoneal Canals
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19
Q

what do the PLEURA SECRETE

A

FLUID

  • creates SURFACE TENSION so lung sticks to thoracic wall
  • LUBRIACTES and prevents friction as lungs move
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20
Q

where is the PARIETAL PLEURA

A

Layer coating the THORACIC WALL

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21
Q

where is the VISCERAL PLEURA

A

Layer coating the LUNG

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22
Q

PLEURAL CAVITY (between parietal and visceral pleura) derived from

A

PERIOCARDIOPERITONEAL CANALS

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23
Q

what is the PARIETAL PLEURA DERIVED FROM

A

SOMATIC MESODERM

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24
Q

what is the VISCERAL PLEURA DERIVED from

A

SPLANCHNIC MESODERM

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25
TRACHEOBRONCHIAL TREE starting from Main/Primary BRONCHUS
- SECONDARY bronchus (left:2, right:3) - TERTIARY bronchus (each BP segment) (divides into 7) - TERMINAL bronchus (last area of cartilage) - BRONCHIOLES (smooth muscle instead) - TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES (last area of NO gas exchange) - RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES (thin so gas exchange can occur) - ALVEOLAR DUCT - ALVEOLAR SAC
26
Pathway from BRONCHIOLES
1. TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES 2. RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES 3. ALVEOLAR DUCT 4. ALVEOLAR SAC
27
how is CARTILAGE in the BRONCHUS
PLATES of CARTILAGE (rings divided and become plates) - STRENGTHEN and keep wall OPEN
28
after TERMINAL BRONCHUS CARTILAGE is replaced with
SMOOTH MUSCLE (in BRONCHIOLES)
29
at which point can GAS EXCHANGE START
RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES (thin)
30
how is SURFACE TENSION CREATED in lungs
H2O MOLECULES ATTRACTED to EACH OTHER - molecules in FLUID more attracted to each other than in gas ALVEOLAR INNER SURFACE must be coated in (tissue) FLUID so O2 DISSOLVES and passes - allows FASTER DIFFUSION (gas exchange) as exhale alveolar become closer together so fluid attract to each other and can cause Alveoli to COLLAPSE
31
what sort of MOLECULE is SURFACTANT
PHOSPHOLIPID
32
how does SURFACTANT REDUCE SURFACE TENSION
PHOSPHOLIPID - Hydrophobic tail and HYDROPHILIC (POLAR) HEAD - attracts to H2O INTERSPERSE BETWEEN H2O MOLECULES (so can't stick together) - BREAK UP SURFACE TENSION
33
LUNG DEVELOPMENT what do we get at 28 DAYS
34
LUNG DEVELOPMENT what do we get at 28 DAYS
BRONCHIAL BUDS form (from Trachea) (grow into pericardioperitoneal canals)
35
LUNG DEVELOPMENT what do we have at 35 DAYS
expansion and wider openings of bronchial buds give RIGHT and LEFT MAIN BRONCHUS
36
LUNG DEVELOPMENT what do we get at 42 DAYS
SECONDARY BRONCHI FORM - LOBES FORM (RIGHT: X3 LEFT: X2)
37
LUNG DEVELOPMENT what do we get at 56 DAYS
TERTIARY BRONCHI - Forming BRONCHOPULMONARY (BP) SEGMENTS (BP segments are discrete areas of lung tissue. not vital but help stop spread of infection)
38
LUNG DEVELOPMENT when do LOBES and SECONDARY BRONCHI FORM
42 DAYS
39
LUNG DEVELOPMENT when do we have BP SEGMENTS and TERTIARY BRONCHI
56 DAYS
40
LUNG DEVELOPMENT when do we have LEFT and RIGHT MAIN BRONCHUS
35 DAYS
41
LUNG DEVELOPMENT when do BRONCHIAL BUDS FORM
28 DAYS
42
4 STAGES of LUNG DEVELOPMENT
1. PSEUDOGLANDULAR Stage (6-16 weeks) 2. CANALICULAR Stage (16-26 weeks) 3. TERMINAL SAC (SACCULAR) Stage (26 weeks - birth) 4. ALVEOLAR Stage (32 weeks - 8 years)
43
when is the PSEUDOGLANDULAR STAGE of Lung Development
from WEEK 6 - 16
44
PSEUDOGLANDULAR STAGE appears similar to.. under a microscope
an EXOCRINE GLAND
45
what do we have at PSEUDOGLANDULAR STAGE and is Respiration possible
- TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES have began to form - Capillaries - Connective Tissue - Connective Tissue Cells (fibroblasts) NO GAS EXCHANGE/RESPIRATION - NO RESPIRATORY SURFACES
46
when does the CANICULAR STAGE of Lung Development take place
WEEK 16 - 26
47
what do we have in the CANICULAR STAGE of Lung Development
-Terminal Bronchiole -> RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES (by 24 weeks at least 2 from each terminal bronchiole) -> TERMINAL SACS - MORE Capillaries (HIGHLY VASCULAR) - LUMEN of Bronchi and Terminal Bronchi become LARGER - PRIMORDIAL DUCTS BEGIN to form at the END
48
is RESPIRATION Possible in the CANICULAR STAGE and why
MAY be POSSIBLE - due to THIN WALLED TERMINAL SACS (at end of respiratory bronchioles) some gas exchange
49
although RESPIRATION may be POSSIBLE in the CANICULAR STAGE, why would a baby born at this stage be UNLIKELY to SURVIVE
due to LACK of SURFACTANT and other immature systems
50
when does the TERMINAL SAC / SACCULAR STAGE of Lung Development occur
WEEK 26 - BIRTH
51
what do we have in the TERMINAL SAC / SACCULAR STAGE
- MORE Terminal Bronchioles - MORE Branching - more blood vessels - ELASTIN FIBRES Produced (for lungs to recoil in exhalation) - TYPE 1 PNEUMOCYTES (Gas Exchange) and TYPE 2 PNEUMOCYTES `(secrete SURFACTANT)
52
in TERMINAL SAC / SACCULAR STAGE how does the EPITHELIA change
become THIN and closely Related to CAPILLARIES - TYPE 1 PNEUMOCYTES (where GAS EXCHANGE occurs)
53
in TERMINAL SAC / SACCULAR STAGE what do we have production of (crucial)
SURFACTANT - from TYPE 2 PNEUMOCYTES adequate levels at week 26-28
54
when does the ALVEOLAR STAGE of Lung Development take place
WEEK 32 - 8 YEARS
55
what do we have at ALVEOLAR STAGE
- PRIMORDIAL ALVEOLI - SMOOTH MUSCLE helps keep lumen open & helps regulate the amount of gas going in by altering diameter (contract/relax)
56
at the BEGINNING of the ALVEOLAR STAGE the RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLE ENDS as..
ALVEROLAR SAC
57
How much of ALVEOLI are developed in FETUS and POSTNATALLY
fetus: 5% 95% ALVEOLI DEVELOP POSTNATALLY
58
how are the ALVEOLI AT BIRTH
PRIMORDIAL ALVEOLI - SMALL BULGES on WALLS of RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES and ALVEOLAR SACS
59
SIZE INCREASE of LUNGS POSTNATALLY is due to..
INCREASE in NUMBER of RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES and ALVEOLI - NOT from an increase in their size
60
what type of EPITHELIUM lining BRONCHIOLES
CUBOIDAL EPITHELIAL
61
what type of EPITHELIUM lining ALVEOLI
SQUAMOUS EPITHELIA
62
what type of EPITHELIUM lining Nasal Cavity to BRONCHI
PSEUDOSTATIFIED COLUMNAR CILIATED epithelium
63
what is NEONATAL RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (NDS) caused by
INSUFFICIENT SURFACTANT PRODUCTION or IMMATURE LUNG with LOW NUMBERS (prenatal) treatment with Glucocorticoids to stimulate surfactant production Surfactant Replacement therapy decreases mortality with 40-50% occurence: 1% in full term 50% in preterm neonates
64
TRACHEA Development what is derived from ENDODERMAL LINING
PULMONARY EPITHELIA and GLANDS of trachea
65
TRACHEA Development what is derived from SPLANCHNIC MESENCHYME
CARTILAGE CONNECTIVE TISSUE MUSCLES of trachea
66
what do FETUSES do in PREPARATION for birth
FETAL BREATHING MOVEMENT - PRACTICE using MUSCLES/DIAPHRAGM
67
what does FETAL BREATHING MOVEMENT cause
ASPIRATION of AMNIOTIC FLUID
68
when is the ASPIRED AMNIOTIC FLUID CLEARED
at BIRTH
69
how is the aspired AMNIOTIC FLUID CLEARED
3 ROUTES: - through NOSE and MOUTH by Vaginal Wall Pressure during labour - into PULMONARY CIRCULATION - into PULMONARY LYMPHATICS
70
At BIRTH, CARDIOVASCULAR CHANGES to allow for..
2 CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS - PULMONARY and SYSTEMIC Circulation
71
in FETAL CIRCULATION what allows the passage of Oxygenated blood INTO the INFERIOR VENA CAVA (after passage of liver)
DUCTUS VENOSUS
72
FETAL CIRCULATION what carries OXYGENATED BLOOD
UMBILICAL VEIN
73
FETAL CIRCULATION what carries DEOXYGENATED BLOOD
2X UMBILICAL ARTERIES
74
in FETAL CIRCULATION what happens as Oxygenated blood from LEFT UMBILICAL VEIN PASSES LIVER
Gives off SOME of the oxygenated blood
75
FETAL CIRCULATION what allows BLOOD to PASS LUNGS/PULMONARY TRUNK into the (Ascending) AORTA
DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS
76
FETAL CIRCULATION role of DUCUTS VENOSUS
PASSAGE over LIVER into INFERIOR VENA CAVA
77
FETAL CIRCULATION role of DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS
allows blood to PASS LUNGS/PULMONARY TRUNK and enter AORTA
78
what happen to the DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS and DUCTUS VENOSUS at BIRTH
CONTRACT - limit blood flow and quickly FIBROSED, CLOSE UP and become Fibrous Tissue
79
how is PRESSURE in LEFT and RIGHT ATRIUM in FETUS and why
HIGHER PRESSURE in RIGHT ATRIUM than left - no blood coming back from lungs into left atrium - low pressure - Valves open so higher pressure in right
80
at BIRTH when baby takes FIRST BREATH how does the PRESSURE of LEFT and RIGHT ATRIUM CHANGE
HIGHER PRESSURE in LEFT ATRIUM - Lungs rapidly EXPAND and create area of LOW PRESSURE - Blood into Lungs and return to LEFT ATRIUM (higher pressure) therefore VALVE CANNOT OPEN (SHUT)
81
in FETUS which ATRIUM has HIGHER PRESSURE
RIGHT
82
after BIRTH which ATRIUM has HIGHER PRESSURE
LEFT

Respiratory (16 decks)

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