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11. principles of Vaccination Flashcards

1
Q

VACCINATION is the MOST …. PUBLIC HEALTH INTERVENTION

A

COST-EFFECTIVE
(besides clean water)

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2
Q

VACCINATION is the ONLY type of MEDICAL INTERVENTION that can…

A

COMPLETELY ELIMINTATE a disease from a population

(smallpox only eradicated so far)

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3
Q

who created the FIRST successful VACCINE (SMALLPOX)

A

EDWARD JENNER

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4
Q

what do VACCINATIONS INDUCE

A
  • an IMMUNE RESPONSE and PROTECTION against a disease with an ANTIGEN, WITHOUT DIRECT EXPOSURE to infective pathogen
  • SPECIFIC IMMUNITY to a pathogen: T and B CELL RESPONSES
  • IMMUNE MEMORY (MEMORY CELLS) leading to LONG-TERM PROTECTION
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5
Q

what do VACCINATIONS use to INDUCE IMMUNE RESPONSE

A

ANTIGEN
without direct exposure to the infective pathogen

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6
Q

how is the SECONDARY (MEMORY) IMMUNE RESPONSE

A
  • mostly IgG
  • HIGH AFFINITY
  • RAPID
  • LONG DURATION
  • HIGH TITRE ANTIBODIES
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7
Q

what is an ACTIVE VACCINATION and what type of PROTECTION does it give

A
  • Administration of an ANTIGEN resulting in ACTIVE PRODUCTION of IMMUNITY in the Host
    eg. Antibody, T Cell Immunity

LONG-TERM PROTECTION

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8
Q

what is PASSIVE VACCINATION and what type of PROTECTION does it give

A

Administration of ANTIBODY-CONTAINING PREPARATIONS
eg. Patient convalescent plasma, monoclonal antibodies

SHORT-TERM PROTECTION
(immediate)

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9
Q

which type of VACCINE provides LONG-TERM PROTECTION

A

ACTIVE

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10
Q

CLASSIFICATIONS of VACCINES

A
  • LIVE ATTENUATED
    (Not inducing disease but immunogenic)
  • INACTIVATED
    (Killed Organisms/viruses or Toxoid - derived from a Tonin)
  • SUBUNIT
    (derived from the Most Antigenic Components of a pathogen)
    (Polysaccharide or Recombinant Proteins)
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11
Q

examples of LIVE ATTENUATED VACCINES

A

MMR,
POLIO,
LAIV

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12
Q

2 TYPES of INACTIVATED VACCINES

A
  • using KILLED ORGANISMS (viruses)
    or
  • using TOXOID (derived from a TOXIN)
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13
Q

Examples of INACTIVATED VACCINES using KILLED ORGANISMS

A

CHOLERA, PERTUSSIS, INFLUENZA

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14
Q

Examples of INACTIVATED VACCINES using TOXOID

A

DIPTHERIA
TETANUS

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15
Q

2 TYPES of SUBUNIT VACCINES (derived from most antigenic components of a pathogen) with EXAMPLES

A

POLYSACCHARIDE
- eg Pneumococcal PS, Meningococcal PS

RECOMBINANT PROTEINS
- eg Hepatitis B

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16
Q

how do we get a WEAKENED VIRUS for a VACCINE (LIVE ATTENUATED)

A

virus weakened by being PASSED THROUGH ANIMAL/HUMAN CELLS until it picks up MUTATIONS
- that make it LESS ABLE TO CAUSE DISEASE (LOSE VIRULENCE)

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17
Q

how do we get an INACTIVATED VIRUS

A

using CHEMICALS eg FORMALDEHYDE
or HEAT

  • virus made UNINFECTIOUS
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18
Q

Types of VIRAL-VECTOR VACCINES

A

REPLICATING VIRAL VECTOR
or
NON-REPLICATING VIRAL VECTOR (eg Adenovirus, Oxford Astra-Zeneca vacc)
- infect but do not replicate

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19
Q

example of a VACCINE that uses a NON-REPLICATING VIRAL VENTOR to deliver Genetic Material

A

OXFORD ASTRA-ZENECA covid vaccine

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20
Q

what are NUCLEIC ACID VACCINES

A

DNA Vaccine or RNA Vaccine (Pfizer)

  • RNA often encased in a LIPID COAT so it can ENTER CELLS

-> cells produce Viral proteins (presented by APCs)

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21
Q

what type of VACCINE is the PFIZER COVID VACCINE

A

mRNA VACCINE

  • NUCLEIC ACID
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22
Q

some VACCINES NEED … along with Antigen to ENHANCE AG-SPECIFIC RESPONE

A

ADJUVANT

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23
Q

what does ADJUVENT do

A

ACTIVATES ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS
(eg dendritic)

to INITIATE STRONG/SPECIFIC IMMUNE RESPONSE
(APC activate T CELLS)

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24
Q

T CELL ACTIVATION requires 2 SIGNALS:

A

SIGNAL 1:
TCR (T-Cell Receptor Activation)

SIGNAL 2:
CO-STIMULATORY MOLECULE ACTIVATION
(on dendritic cell and naive T cell)

25
how does CO-STIMULATORY MOLECULE ACTIVATION activate T CELLS and using which CO-STMULATORY MOLECULES
B7 on DENDRITIC CELL & CD28 on T-CELL - BIND and activate
26
CO-STIMULATORY MOLECULE on DENDRITIC CELL
B7
27
CO-STIMULATORY MOLECULE on Naive T-CELL
CD28
28
how do ANTIBODIES PREVENT/REDUCE Infections (Antibody Mediated Immunity)
- NEUTRALISE TOXINS - NEUTRALISE VIRUS REPLICATION, PREVENT VIRUS BINDING to host cell - promote OPSONOPHAGOCYTOSIS of Bacteria (by Neutrophils/Macrophages) - Activate COMPLEMENT CASCADE
29
how do CD8+ T CELLS Control and Clear Intracellular Pathogens (T-CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY)
- DIRECT KILLING of INFECTED CELLS using Perforins, Granzymes etc - INDIRECT killing of Infected Cells through ANTIMICROBIAL CYTOKINE RELEASE
30
how do CD8+ INDIRECTLY KILL infected cells
by Releasing ANTIMICROBIAL CYTOKINES
31
how do CD4+ T CELLS Control and Clear Intracellular Pathogens (T-CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY)
produce CYTOKINES - help B CELLS, CD8+ T CELLS, MACROPHAGES
32
Examples of VACCINES AGAINST RESPIRATORY PATHOGENS
- PNEUMOCOCCAL vaccines - INFLUENZA Vaccines - PERTUSSIS - MEASLES
33
what helps ADHESION to HOST CELLS of PNEUMOCOCCAL / STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE bacteria (causes pneumonia and sepsis)
CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDE (PS) - VIRULENCE FACTOR helps adhesion and cell binding
34
what do current vaccines target in PNEUMOCCOAL VACCINES
PS - ANTI-PS ANTIODIES to prevent infection (bacteria cannot bind to host cell)
35
how do POLYSACCHARIDE VACCINES work
DIRECTLY BING to and ACTIVATE B CELLS (Antibody production) - do NOT activate T cells
36
DISADVANTAGES of POLYSACCHARIDE VACCINES
NO T CELL ACTIVATION NO MEMORY B/T cell formation - NO LONG-TERM PROTECTION NO RESPONSE in YOUNG CHILDREN (<2years)
37
how is MEMORY RESPONSE in POLYSACCHARIDE VACCINES
NO MEMORY CELL formation (no T cell activation, ONLY B)
38
ADVANTAGES of CONJUGATE POLYSACCHARIDE VACCINATIONS
- MORE IMMUNOGENIC than PS vaccines - ACTIVATE both T and B CELLS - T CELL INVOLVEMENT - Immunological MEMORY -> LONG TERM PROTECTION - EFFECTIVE in YOUNG CHILDREN too1
39
how do CONJUGATE-PS VACCINES differ from PS-vaccines
CARRIER PROTEIN is BOUND to POLYSACCHARIDE
40
What is the MAIN VIRULENCE FACTER / IMMUNODOMINANT PROTEIN in INFLUENZA
HA (HAEMAGGLUTININ)
41
what causes SEASONAL FLU / EPIDEMICS
MINOR MUTATIONS of influenza virus - ANTIGENIC DRIFT
42
what causes PANDEMICS of influenza
MAJOR MUTATIONS - ANTIGENIC SHIFT
43
What is ANTIGENIC DRIFT
MINOR Mutations of Influenza - causes EPIDEMICS / SEASONAL (HA HEAD STRUCTURE CHANGES)
44
what is ANTIGENIC SHIFT
MAJOR Mutations of Influenza (H1 -> H2 -> H3) - causes PANDEMICS
45
INFLUENZA VACCINES INDUCE which ANTIBODIES against Flu Virus
ANTI-HA and -NA ANTIBODIES
46
what is the HA RECEPTOR in ells
SIALIC ACID
47
how do HA ANTIBODIES from flu vaccines work
INHIBIT BINDING of HA to SIALIC ACID (Receptor)
48
what does NA do in Influenza
allows CLEAVAGE of SIALIC ACIDS (bind HA) and VIRAL BUDDING
49
how do NA-ANTIBODIES in INFLUENZA VACCINE work
BLOCK NA - INHIBIT CLEAVAGE of SIALIC ACIDS and VIRAL BUDDING
50
FLU VACCINES are either:
- LIVE ATTENUATED (LAIV) or - INACTIVATED
51
FLU VACCINES are mostly QUADRIVALENT meaning they have..
2 A STRAINS and 2 B STRAINS (Trivalent: 2A and 1B)
52
how are INACTIVATED FLU VACCINES Implemented and what are they PREDOMINANTLY
- by INJECTION - predominantly ANTIBODY-MEDIATED / ANTI-HA ANTIBODY mainly susceptible population and >65 years
53
how are LIVE ATTENUATED INTRANASAL VACCINES (LAIV) implemented? who are they used in?
NASAL SPRAY CHILDREN, 2-17 YEARS
54
LIVE ATTENUATED INTRANASAL VACCINES (LAIV) Induce..
ANTIBODY and CELLULAR IMMUNITY both SYSTEMIC and LOCAL MUCOSAL IMMUNITY
55
LIVE ATTENUATED INTRANASAL VACCINES (LAIV) ACTIVATE which tissues (where) for immunity
LOCAL MUCOSAL Immune Tissues in the NASOPHARYNX (NALT - NASOPHARYNX ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID TISSUE)
56
PERTUSSIS caused by which BACTERIA and what is the SYMPTOM
BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS - Whooping COUGH respiratory infection
57
2 TYPES of PERTUSSIS VACCINE (part of DTP)
- using whole KILLED B.PERTUSSIS Bacteria - ACELLULAR Vaccine: TOXOID and other components
58
which Vaccination has been extended to PREGNANT WOMEN in order to protect NEWBORN BABIES
PERTUSSIS VACCINATION
59
what is MEASLES
HIGHLY INFECTIOUS Respiratory infection - high FEVER, COUGH, RASHES

Respiratory (16 decks)

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