10. Lung Defence II (immunity) Flashcards
How much Bacteria do we breathe in per day
860,000 per day
3x10^8 per year
- 90 mcg per year
how much dust do we inhale per year
6.5 kg
DEFENCE MECHANISMS of the RESPIRATORY TRACT:
- FILTRATION and DEPOSITION of environmental pathogens and particulate matter in UPPER AIRWAYS
- COUGH REFLEX
- MUCOCILIARY CLEARANCE
- INNATE and ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM
STRUCTURE of CILIA CELL
- CENTRAL SINGLET MICROTUBULE
- OUTER DOUBLE (A & B) MICROTUBULE
- NEXIN sheath holding microtubules together
- RADIAL SPOKE keep doublets away from central
- OUTER DYNEIN ARMS for movement
what structure in the CILIA allow for MOVEMENT (Beating)
OUTER DYNEIN ARMS
INNATE Immune System CELLULAR components:
PHAGOCYTIC CELLS:
- MONOCYTES
- MACROPHAGES
- NEUTROPHILS
INNATE LYMPHOID CELLS
NATURAL KILLER CELLS
EOSINOPHILS / MAST CELLS
ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELLS (APCs)
INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM HUMORAL components:
- COMPLEMENT
- ACUTE PHASE PROTEINS (C-Reactive Proteins)
- CYTOKINES
ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM
CELLULAR components:
T LYMPHOCYTES
- HELPER T (CD4+)
- CYTOTOXIC T (CD8+)
- MEMORY T
- SUPPRESSOR T
B LYMPHOCYTES
ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM
HUMORAL component:
IMMUNOGLOBULINS
what type of Molecules are IMMUNOGLOBULINS (ANTIBODIES)
GLYCOPROTEINS
IMMUNOGLOBULINS Major component of … Immunity
HUMORAL
primary LOCATION of IgM
CIRCULATION
primary LOCATION of IgG
CIRCULATION and MOST TISSUES
primary LOCATION of IgA
SKIN MUCOSAL MEMBRANES (DIMER)
CIRCULATION (MONOMER)
primary LOCATION of IgE
MUCOSAL MEMBRANES
- GUT, AIRWAY, SKIN
BASIC ANTIBODY STRUCTURE
2X LIGHT chains
2X HEAVY chains
COVALENT and NON-COVALENT forces
2 IDENTICAL ANTIGEN BINDING SITES
CARBOHYDRATES (CHO) attaches
how do ANTIBODIES cause Lysis, Phagocytosis, Inflammation
ACTIVATE COMPLEMENT
what is the MAIN ANTIBODY in SERUM
IgG
(& tissue fluids)
75% of TOTAL SERUM
IgG:
- MONOMER
- 4 SUBCLASSES IgG1-IgG4
- MAIN ab in SERUM (75%) and TISSUE FLUIDS
- FIXES COMPLEMENT (IgG3 BEST, IgG4 worst)
- OPSONISATION
IgM:
- Predominant ab in PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE
- PENTAMER
- LARGE SIZE LIMITS TRANSFER
- makes up 10% of SERUM
- also found at B cell SURFACE
- good COMPLEMENT FIXING
- NEUTRALISES
- OPSONISES
IgA:
- predominant Ab in SECRETIONS
- MUCOSAL IMMUNITY
- on MUCOUS MEMBRANES in GUT, RESPIRATORY TRACT, SKIN
- DIMER or TRIMER
- NEAUTRALISES
- BLOCKS PATHOGEN ENTRY & GROWTH
- J CHAIN
- SECRETORY COMPONENT produced by epithelial cells PROTECTS from CLEAVAGE
IgE:
- MONOMER
- important in ALLERGY
- PARASITIC Infections
(mast cell activation -> histamine) - LOW SERUM levels
- similar structure to IgG and also produced by PLASMA CELLS in response to antigen
Innate defence cells in ALVEOLI:
ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES
MACROPHAGES are DERIVED from..
circulating MONOCYTES
(live 2-3 days)
when in tissue they MORPH into MACROPHAGES
